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Covid_test

covid_test

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Covid_test

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114958 114796 E형 간염 Sudan Region Sudan title 171156 Hepatitis E: Chad, Sudan 200409 pubmed None https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15460082/ 4046 Wkly Epidemiol Rec
250042 114796 E형 간염 Five Patient five title 262103 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005172 Five Questions about Mycoviruses Moonil Son|||Jisuk Yu|||Kook-Hyung Kim 201511 PMC https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/4635019/ 62 1553-7366 PLoS Pathogens San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
262665 114796 E형 간염 subgenotype Term Subgenotype author 263407 10.3389/fmicb.2021.740255 Editorial: Origin and Evolution of Hepatitis Viruses Carla Osiowy|||Lilly Yuen 202108 PMC https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8424193/ 3644 Frontiers in Microbiology
1168 114796 E형 간염 Most patient Patient Most patient abstract 7817 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10124-x Guillain?Barr? syndrome spectrum associated with COVID-19: an up-to-date systematic review of 73 cases Samir Abu-Rumeileh|||Ahmed Abdelhak|||Matteo Foschi|||Hayrettin Tumani|||Markus Otto 202008 Review PMC Since coronavirus disease-2019?(COVID-19) outbreak in January 2020, several pieces of evidence suggested an association between the spectrum of?Guillain?Barr? syndrome (GBS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Most findings were reported in the form of case reports or case series, whereas a comprehensive overview is still lacking. We conducted a systematic review and searched for all published cases until July 20th 2020. We included 73 patients reported in 52 publications. A broad age range was affected (mean 55, min 11?max 94?years) with male predominance (68.5%). Most patients showed respiratory and/or systemic symptoms, and developed GBS manifestations after COVID-19. However, asymptomatic cases for COVID-19 were also described. The distributions of clinical variants and electrophysiological subtypes resemble those of classic GBS, with a higher prevalence of the classic sensorimotor form and the acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, although rare variants like Miller Fisher syndrome were also reported. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) albuminocytological dissociation was present in around 71% cases, and CSF SARS-CoV-2 RNA was absent in all tested cases. More than 70% of patients showed a good prognosis, mostly after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin. Patients with less favorable outcome were associated with a significantly older age in accordance with previous findings regarding both classic GBS and COVID-19. COVID-19-associated GBS seems to share most features of classic post-infectious GBS and possibly the same immune-mediated pathogenetic mechanisms. Nevertheless, more extensive epidemiological studies are needed to clarify these issues. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7445716/ 652 0340-5354 Journal of Neurology Berlin ; New York, Springer-Verlag.
4910 114796 E형 간염 route of transmission Term route of transmission abstract 20024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113563 A review on detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in light of the current knowledge of treatment process for removal of viral fragments Sarawut Sangkham 202112 Review PMC {{{ Abstract }}} !! The entire globe is affected by the novel disease of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV), which is formally recognised as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The World Health Organisation (WHO) announced this disease as a global pandemic. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in unprocessed wastewater has become a cause of worry due to these emerging pathogens in the process of wastewater treatment, as reported in the present study. This analysis intends to interpret the fate, environmental factors and route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, along with its eradication by treating the wastewater for controlling and preventing its further spread. Different recovery estimations of the virus have been depicted by the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater through the viral concentration techniques. Most frequently used viral concentration techniques include polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, ultrafiltration, electronegative membrane, and ultracentrifugation, after which the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA are done in wastewater samples through quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) holds the key responsibility of eliminating pathogens prior to the discharge of wastewater into surface water bodies. The removal of SARS-CoV-2 RNA at the treatment stage is dependent on the operations of wastewater treatment systems during the outbreak of the virus; particularly, in the urban and extensively populated regions. Efficient primary, secondary and tertiary methods of wastewater treatment and disinfection can reduce or inactivate SARS-CoV-2 RNA before being drained out. Nonetheless, further studies regarding COVID-19-related disinfectants, environment conditions and viral concentrations in each treatment procedure, implications on the environment and regular monitoring of transmission need to be done urgently. Hence, monitoring the SARS-CoV-2 RNA in samples of wastewater under the procedure of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) supplement the real-time data pertaining to the investigation of the COVID-19 pandemic in the community, regional and national levels. !!{{ Keywords: }} Disinfection; Surveillance; Transmission routes; Untreated wastewater; Virus concentration method; Wastewater treatment process; Wastewater?based epidemiology (WBE). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8373619/ 1883 0301-4797 Journal of environmental management London ; New York, Academic Press.
20084 114796 E형 간염 intervention Treatment intervention abstract 개입 80030 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4400-x A descriptive analysis of the Spatio-temporal distribution of intestinal infectious diseases in China Ying Mao|||Ning Zhang|||Bin Zhu|||Jinlin Liu|||Rongxin He 201909 Research Article PMC Background Intestinal infectious diseases (IIDs) have caused numerous deaths worldwide, particularly among children. In China, eight IIDs are listed as notifiable infectious diseases, including cholera, poliomyelitis, dysentery, typhoid and paratyphoid (TAP), viral Hepatitis A, viral Hepatitis E, hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and other infectious diarrhoeal diseases (OIDDs). The aim of the study is to analyse the spatio-temporal distribution of IIDs from 2006 to 2016. Methods Data on the incidence of IIDs from 2006 to 2016 were collected from the public health science data centre issued by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. This study applied seasonal decomposition analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis and space-time scan analysis. Plots and maps were constructed to visualize the spatio-temporal distribution of IIDs. Results Regarding temporal analysis, the incidence of HFMD and Hepatitis E showed a distinct increasing trend, while the incidence of TAP, dysentery, and Hepatitis A presented decreasing trends over the last decade. The incidence of OIID remained steady. Summer is the season with the greatest number of cases of different IIDs. Regarding the spatial distribution, approximately all p values for the global Moran’s I from 2006 to 2016 were less than 0.05, indicating that the incidences of the epidemics were unevenly distributed throughout the country. The high-risk areas for HFMD and OIDD were located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan (BTT) region and south China. The high-risk areas for TAP were located in some parts of southwest China. A higher incidence rates for dysentery and Hepatitis A were observed in the BTT region and some west provincial units. The high-risk areas for Hepatitis E were the BTT region and the Yangtze River Delta area. Conclusions Based on our temporal and spatial analysis of IIDs, we identified the high-risk periods and clusters of regions for the diseases. HFMD and OIDD exhibited high incidence rates, which reflected the negligence of Class C diseases by the government. At the same time, the incidence rate of Hepatitis E gradually surpassed Hepatitis A. The authorities should pay more attention to Class C diseases and Hepatitis E. Regardless of the various distribution patterns of IIDs, disease-specific, location-specific, and disease-combined interventions should be established. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4400-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/6721277/ 2 1471-2334 BMC Infectious Diseases London : BioMed Central
2785 114796 E형 간염 seroprevalence survey Term seroprevalence survey abstract 11976 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.1c00235 Vertical Flow Cellulose-Based Assays for SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection in Human Serum Seunghyeon Kim|||Yining Hao|||Eric A Miller|||Dousabel M Y Tay|||Emma Yee|||Patthara Kongsuphol|||Huan Jia|||Megan McBee|||Peter R Preiser|||Hadley D Sikes 202105 Article PMC {{{ Abstract }}} !! Rapid and inexpensive serological tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies are essential to conduct large-scale seroprevalence surveys and can potentially complement nucleic acid or antigen tests at the point of care. During the COVID-19 pandemic, extreme demand for traditional lateral flow tests has stressed manufacturing capacity and supply chains. Motivated by this limitation, we developed a SARS-CoV-2 antibody test using cellulose, an alternative membrane material, and a double-antigen sandwich format. Functionalized SARS-CoV-2 antigens were used as both capture and reporter binders, replacing the anti-human antibodies currently used in lateral flow tests. The test could provide enhanced sensitivity because it labels only antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and the signal intensity is not diminished due to other human antibodies in serum. Three-dimensional channels in the assay were designed to have consistent flow rates and be easily manufactured by folding wax-printed paper. We demonstrated that this simple, vertical flow, cellulose-based assay could detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in clinical samples within 15 min, and the results were consistent with those from a laboratory, bead-based chemiluminescence immunoassay that was granted emergency use approval by the US FDA. !!{{ Keywords: }} COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; antibody; cellulose-binding domain; horseradish peroxidase; paper-based assay; serology; vertical flow. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8043201/ 435 2379-3694 ACS Sensors Washington, DC : American Chemical Society
12728 114796 E형 간염 text mining Term text mining abstract 텍스트 마이닝 62243 https://doi.org/10.2196/30715 Exploring the Expression Differences Between Professionals and Laypeople Toward the COVID-19 Vaccine: Text Mining Approach Chen Luo|||Kaiyuan Ji|||Yulong Tang|||Zhiyuan Du 202108 Original Paper PMC Background COVID-19 is still rampant all over the world. Until now, the COVID-19 vaccine is the most promising measure to subdue contagion and achieve herd immunity. However, public vaccination intention is suboptimal. A clear division lies between medical professionals and laypeople. While most professionals eagerly promote the vaccination campaign, some laypeople exude suspicion, hesitancy, and even opposition toward COVID-19 vaccines. Objective This study aims to employ a text mining approach to examine expression differences and thematic disparities between the professionals and laypeople within the COVID-19 vaccine context. Methods We collected 3196 answers under 65 filtered questions concerning the COVID-19 vaccine from the China-based question and answer forum Zhihu. The questions were classified into 5 categories depending on their contents and description: adverse reactions, vaccination, vaccine effectiveness, social implications of vaccine, and vaccine development. Respondents were also manually coded into two groups: professional and laypeople. Automated text analysis was performed to calculate fundamental expression characteristics of the 2 groups, including answer length, attitude distribution, and high-frequency words. Furthermore, structural topic modeling (STM), as a cutting-edge branch in the topic modeling family, was used to extract topics under each question category, and thematic disparities were evaluated between the 2 groups. Results Laypeople are more prevailing in the COVID-19 vaccine?related discussion. Regarding differences in expression characteristics, the professionals posted longer answers and showed a conservative stance toward vaccine effectiveness than did laypeople. Laypeople mentioned countries more frequently, while professionals were inclined to raise medical jargon. STM discloses prominent topics under each question category. Statistical analysis revealed that laypeople preferred the “safety of Chinese-made vaccine” topic and other vaccine-related issues in other countries. However, the professionals paid more attention to medical principles and professional standards underlying the COVID-19 vaccine. With respect to topics associated with the social implications of vaccines, the 2 groups showed no significant difference. Conclusions Our findings indicate that laypeople and professionals share some common grounds but also hold divergent focuses toward the COVID-19 vaccine issue. These incongruities can be summarized as “qualitatively different” in perspective rather than “quantitatively different” in scientific knowledge. Among those questions closely associated with medical expertise, the “qualitatively different” characteristic is quite conspicuous. This study boosts the current understanding of how the public perceives the COVID-19 vaccine, in a more nuanced way. Web-based question and answer forums are a bonanza for examining perception discrepancies among various identities. STM further exhibits unique strengths over the traditional topic modeling method in statistically testing the topic preference of diverse groups. Public health practitioners should be keenly aware of the cognitive differences between professionals and laypeople, and pay special attention to the topics with significant inconsistency across groups to build consensus and promote vaccination effectively. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8404777/ 88 1439-4456 Journal of Medical Internet Research Toronto : JMIR Publications.
12362 114796 E형 간염 ectopic expression Action ectopic expression abstract 이소성 발현 58919 https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00851-21 Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Triggers Neural Autophagy Independently of ULK1 Zi Li|||Feng Gao|||Yungang Lan|||Jiyu Guan|||Jing Zhang|||Huijun Lu|||Kui Zhao|||Wenqi He 202107 Other Type PMC ABSTRACT Uncoordinated 51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) is a well-characterized initiator of canonical autophagy under basal or pathological conditions. Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), a neurotropic betacoronavirus (β-CoV), impairs ULK1 kinase but hijacks autophagy to facilitate viral proliferation. However, the machinery of PHEV-induced autophagy initiation upon ULK1 kinase deficiency remains unclear. Here, the time course of PHEV infection showed a significant accumulation of autophagosomes (APs) in nerve cells in vivo and in vitro . Utilizing ULK1-knockout neuroblastoma cells, we have identified that ULK1 is not essential for productive AP formation induced by PHEV. In vitro phosphorylation studies discovered that mTORC1-regulated ULK1 activation stalls during PHEV infection, whereas AP biogenesis was controlled by AMPK-driven BECN1 phosphorylation. A lack of BECN1 is sufficient to block LC3 lipidation and disrupt recruitment of the LC3-ATG14 complex. Moreover, BECN1 acts as a bona fide substrate for ULK1-independent neural autophagy, and ectopic expression of BECN1 somewhat enhances PHEV replication. These findings highlight a novel machinery of noncanonical autophagy independent of ULK1 that bypasses the conserved initiation circuit of AMPK-mTORC1-ULK1, providing new insights into the interplay between neurotropic β-CoV and the host. IMPORTANCE The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic alongside the outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) pose Betacoronavirus (β-CoV) as a global public health challenge. Coronaviruses subvert, hijack, or utilize autophagy to promote proliferation, and thus, exploring the cross talk between β-CoV and autophagy is of great significance in confronting future β-CoV outbreaks. Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a highly neurotropic β-CoV that invades the central nervous system (CNS) in pigs, but understanding of the pathogenesis for PHEV-induced neurological dysfunction is yet limited. Here, we discovered a novel regulatory principle of neural autophagy initiation during PHEV infection, where productive autophagosome (AP) biogenesis bypasses the multifaceted regulation of ULK1 kinase. The PHEV-triggered noncanonical autophagy underscores the complex interactions of virus and host and will help in the development of therapeutic strategies targeting noncanonical autophagy to treat β-CoV disease. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8428410/ 81 0022-538X Journal of Virology Washington Dc : American Society For Microbiology.
12363 114796 E형 간염 Encephalomyelitis Term Encephalomyelitis title 뇌척수염 58919 https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00851-21 Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Triggers Neural Autophagy Independently of ULK1 Zi Li|||Feng Gao|||Yungang Lan|||Jiyu Guan|||Jing Zhang|||Huijun Lu|||Kui Zhao|||Wenqi He 202107 Other Type PMC ABSTRACT Uncoordinated 51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) is a well-characterized initiator of canonical autophagy under basal or pathological conditions. Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), a neurotropic betacoronavirus (β-CoV), impairs ULK1 kinase but hijacks autophagy to facilitate viral proliferation. However, the machinery of PHEV-induced autophagy initiation upon ULK1 kinase deficiency remains unclear. Here, the time course of PHEV infection showed a significant accumulation of autophagosomes (APs) in nerve cells in vivo and in vitro . Utilizing ULK1-knockout neuroblastoma cells, we have identified that ULK1 is not essential for productive AP formation induced by PHEV. In vitro phosphorylation studies discovered that mTORC1-regulated ULK1 activation stalls during PHEV infection, whereas AP biogenesis was controlled by AMPK-driven BECN1 phosphorylation. A lack of BECN1 is sufficient to block LC3 lipidation and disrupt recruitment of the LC3-ATG14 complex. Moreover, BECN1 acts as a bona fide substrate for ULK1-independent neural autophagy, and ectopic expression of BECN1 somewhat enhances PHEV replication. These findings highlight a novel machinery of noncanonical autophagy independent of ULK1 that bypasses the conserved initiation circuit of AMPK-mTORC1-ULK1, providing new insights into the interplay between neurotropic β-CoV and the host. IMPORTANCE The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic alongside the outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) pose Betacoronavirus (β-CoV) as a global public health challenge. Coronaviruses subvert, hijack, or utilize autophagy to promote proliferation, and thus, exploring the cross talk between β-CoV and autophagy is of great significance in confronting future β-CoV outbreaks. Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a highly neurotropic β-CoV that invades the central nervous system (CNS) in pigs, but understanding of the pathogenesis for PHEV-induced neurological dysfunction is yet limited. Here, we discovered a novel regulatory principle of neural autophagy initiation during PHEV infection, where productive autophagosome (AP) biogenesis bypasses the multifaceted regulation of ULK1 kinase. The PHEV-triggered noncanonical autophagy underscores the complex interactions of virus and host and will help in the development of therapeutic strategies targeting noncanonical autophagy to treat β-CoV disease. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8428410/ 81 0022-538X Journal of Virology Washington Dc : American Society For Microbiology.
11109 114796 E형 간염 occurrence Term occurrence abstract 발생 51715 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009596 Extensive C->U transition biases in the genomes of a wide range of mammalian RNA viruses; potential associations with transcriptional mutations, damage- or host-mediated editing of viral RNA Peter Simmonds|||M. Azim Ansari 202106 Research Article PMC The rapid evolution of RNA viruses has been long considered to result from a combination of high copying error frequencies during RNA replication, short generation times and the consequent extensive fixation of neutral or adaptive changes over short periods. While both the identities and sites of mutations are typically modelled as being random, recent investigations of sequence diversity of SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have identified a preponderance of C->U transitions, proposed to be driven by an APOBEC-like RNA editing process. The current study investigated whether this phenomenon could be observed in datasets of other RNA viruses. Using a 5% divergence filter to infer directionality, 18 from 36 datasets of aligned coding region sequences from a diverse range of mammalian RNA viruses (including Picornaviridae , Flaviviridae , Matonaviridae , Caliciviridae and Coronaviridae ) showed a >2-fold base composition normalised excess of C->U transitions compared to U->C (range 2.1x?7.5x), with a consistently observed favoured 5’ U upstream context. The presence of genome scale RNA secondary structure (GORS) was the only other genomic or structural parameter significantly associated with C->U/U->C transition asymmetries by multivariable analysis (ANOVA), potentially reflecting RNA structure dependence of sites targeted for C->U mutations. Using the association index metric, C->U changes were specifically over-represented at phylogenetically uninformative sites, potentially paralleling extensive homoplasy of this transition reported in SARS-CoV-2. Although mechanisms remain to be functionally characterised, excess C->U substitutions accounted for 11?14% of standing sequence variability of structured viruses and may therefore represent a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution. Author summary The rapid evolution of RNA viruses is thought to arise from high mutation frequencies during replication and the rapid accumulation of genetic changes over time in response to its changing environments. This study describes an additional potent factor that contributes to the evolution of RNA viruses infecting mammals, the occurrence of specific C->U mutations in a subset that possess intensely structured genomes. This mutational process substantially damages the virus’s ability to replicate and is potentially akin to “genome editing” of HIV-1 and other retrovirus genome sequences by APOBEC, one of the principal components of vertebrate antiretroviral defence mechanisms. This study however provides evidence for a wider mutational activity against several human and veterinary RNA viruses, including HCV and foot and mouth disease virus. The C->U mutational process accounted for 15?20% of standing sequence variability of these RNA viruses, representing a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8195396/ 62 1553-7366 PLoS Pathogens San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
12376 114796 E형 간염 MERS Disease MERS abstract 메르스 58919 https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00851-21 Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Triggers Neural Autophagy Independently of ULK1 Zi Li|||Feng Gao|||Yungang Lan|||Jiyu Guan|||Jing Zhang|||Huijun Lu|||Kui Zhao|||Wenqi He 202107 Other Type PMC ABSTRACT Uncoordinated 51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) is a well-characterized initiator of canonical autophagy under basal or pathological conditions. Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), a neurotropic betacoronavirus (β-CoV), impairs ULK1 kinase but hijacks autophagy to facilitate viral proliferation. However, the machinery of PHEV-induced autophagy initiation upon ULK1 kinase deficiency remains unclear. Here, the time course of PHEV infection showed a significant accumulation of autophagosomes (APs) in nerve cells in vivo and in vitro . Utilizing ULK1-knockout neuroblastoma cells, we have identified that ULK1 is not essential for productive AP formation induced by PHEV. In vitro phosphorylation studies discovered that mTORC1-regulated ULK1 activation stalls during PHEV infection, whereas AP biogenesis was controlled by AMPK-driven BECN1 phosphorylation. A lack of BECN1 is sufficient to block LC3 lipidation and disrupt recruitment of the LC3-ATG14 complex. Moreover, BECN1 acts as a bona fide substrate for ULK1-independent neural autophagy, and ectopic expression of BECN1 somewhat enhances PHEV replication. These findings highlight a novel machinery of noncanonical autophagy independent of ULK1 that bypasses the conserved initiation circuit of AMPK-mTORC1-ULK1, providing new insights into the interplay between neurotropic β-CoV and the host. IMPORTANCE The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic alongside the outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) pose Betacoronavirus (β-CoV) as a global public health challenge. Coronaviruses subvert, hijack, or utilize autophagy to promote proliferation, and thus, exploring the cross talk between β-CoV and autophagy is of great significance in confronting future β-CoV outbreaks. Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a highly neurotropic β-CoV that invades the central nervous system (CNS) in pigs, but understanding of the pathogenesis for PHEV-induced neurological dysfunction is yet limited. Here, we discovered a novel regulatory principle of neural autophagy initiation during PHEV infection, where productive autophagosome (AP) biogenesis bypasses the multifaceted regulation of ULK1 kinase. The PHEV-triggered noncanonical autophagy underscores the complex interactions of virus and host and will help in the development of therapeutic strategies targeting noncanonical autophagy to treat β-CoV disease. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8428410/ 81 0022-538X Journal of Virology Washington Dc : American Society For Microbiology.
11117 114796 E형 간염 reported Action reported abstract 51715 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009596 Extensive C->U transition biases in the genomes of a wide range of mammalian RNA viruses; potential associations with transcriptional mutations, damage- or host-mediated editing of viral RNA Peter Simmonds|||M. Azim Ansari 202106 Research Article PMC The rapid evolution of RNA viruses has been long considered to result from a combination of high copying error frequencies during RNA replication, short generation times and the consequent extensive fixation of neutral or adaptive changes over short periods. While both the identities and sites of mutations are typically modelled as being random, recent investigations of sequence diversity of SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have identified a preponderance of C->U transitions, proposed to be driven by an APOBEC-like RNA editing process. The current study investigated whether this phenomenon could be observed in datasets of other RNA viruses. Using a 5% divergence filter to infer directionality, 18 from 36 datasets of aligned coding region sequences from a diverse range of mammalian RNA viruses (including Picornaviridae , Flaviviridae , Matonaviridae , Caliciviridae and Coronaviridae ) showed a >2-fold base composition normalised excess of C->U transitions compared to U->C (range 2.1x?7.5x), with a consistently observed favoured 5’ U upstream context. The presence of genome scale RNA secondary structure (GORS) was the only other genomic or structural parameter significantly associated with C->U/U->C transition asymmetries by multivariable analysis (ANOVA), potentially reflecting RNA structure dependence of sites targeted for C->U mutations. Using the association index metric, C->U changes were specifically over-represented at phylogenetically uninformative sites, potentially paralleling extensive homoplasy of this transition reported in SARS-CoV-2. Although mechanisms remain to be functionally characterised, excess C->U substitutions accounted for 11?14% of standing sequence variability of structured viruses and may therefore represent a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution. Author summary The rapid evolution of RNA viruses is thought to arise from high mutation frequencies during replication and the rapid accumulation of genetic changes over time in response to its changing environments. This study describes an additional potent factor that contributes to the evolution of RNA viruses infecting mammals, the occurrence of specific C->U mutations in a subset that possess intensely structured genomes. This mutational process substantially damages the virus’s ability to replicate and is potentially akin to “genome editing” of HIV-1 and other retrovirus genome sequences by APOBEC, one of the principal components of vertebrate antiretroviral defence mechanisms. This study however provides evidence for a wider mutational activity against several human and veterinary RNA viruses, including HCV and foot and mouth disease virus. The C->U mutational process accounted for 15?20% of standing sequence variability of these RNA viruses, representing a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8195396/ 62 1553-7366 PLoS Pathogens San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
4367 114796 E형 간염 bystander Cell bystander abstract 18936 https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000029704 COVID-19 and Guillain-Barr? syndrome: A single-center prospective case series with a 1-year follow-up Lara Ahmad|||Pietro Businaro|||Simone Regalbuto|||Matteo Gastaldi|||Elisabetta Zardini|||Marta Panzeri|||Elisa Vegezzi|||Giuseppe Fiamingo|||Elena Colombo|||Sabrina Ravaglia 202207 Observational Study PMC {{{ Abstract }}} !! Single reports of Guillain-Barr? syndrome (GBS) have been reported worldwide during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. While case reports are likely to be biased toward uncommon clinical presentations, systematic assessment of prospective series can highlight the true clinical features and spectrum. In this prospective, observational study, we included all consecutive patients who developed GBS. In patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection as antecedent, the time-gap between the infection and GBS onset had to be ≤30 days. The referral was a neurological University Research Hospital, in the Italian Region more severely involved by the pandemic, and hospitalizing both COVID+ and non-COVID neurological diseases. Clinical, laboratory, cerebrospinal fluid, and electromyographic features of GBS diagnosed between March 2020 and March 2021 were compared to a retrospective series of GBS diagnosed between February 2019 and February 2020 (control population). Nasopharyngeal swab was still positive at GBS onset in 50% of patients. Mild-to-moderate COVID-related pneumonia, as assessed by X-ray (6 patients) or X-ray plus computerized tomography (2 patients) co-occurred in 6 of 10 patients. GBS diagnosed during the pandemic period, including 10 COVID-GBS and 10 non-COVID-GBS, had higher disability on admission (P = .032) compared to the GBS diagnosed between February 2019 and 2020, possibly related to later hospital referral in the pandemic context. Compared to non-COVID-GBS (n = 10) prospectively diagnosed in the same period (March 2020-2021), post-COVID-GBS (n = 10) had a higher disability score on admission (P = .028), lower sum Medical Research Council score (P = .022) and lymphopenia (P = .025), while there were no differences in GBS subtype/variant, severity of peripheral involvement, prognosis and response to treatment. Cerebrospinal fluid search for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antiganglioside antibodies were negative in all COVID+ patients. Temporal clustering of cases, coinciding with the waves of the pandemic, and concomitant reduction of the incidence of COVID-negative GBSs may indicate a role for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the development of GBS, although the association may simply be related to a bystander effect of systemic inflammation; lack of prevalence of specific GBS subtypes in post-COVID-GBS also support this view. GBS features and prognosis are not substantially different compared to non-COVID-GBS. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/9333081/ 82 0025-7974 Medicine Hagerstown, Md : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
11124 114796 E형 간염 RNA structure Term RNA structure abstract RNA 구조 51715 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009596 Extensive C->U transition biases in the genomes of a wide range of mammalian RNA viruses; potential associations with transcriptional mutations, damage- or host-mediated editing of viral RNA Peter Simmonds|||M. Azim Ansari 202106 Research Article PMC The rapid evolution of RNA viruses has been long considered to result from a combination of high copying error frequencies during RNA replication, short generation times and the consequent extensive fixation of neutral or adaptive changes over short periods. While both the identities and sites of mutations are typically modelled as being random, recent investigations of sequence diversity of SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have identified a preponderance of C->U transitions, proposed to be driven by an APOBEC-like RNA editing process. The current study investigated whether this phenomenon could be observed in datasets of other RNA viruses. Using a 5% divergence filter to infer directionality, 18 from 36 datasets of aligned coding region sequences from a diverse range of mammalian RNA viruses (including Picornaviridae , Flaviviridae , Matonaviridae , Caliciviridae and Coronaviridae ) showed a >2-fold base composition normalised excess of C->U transitions compared to U->C (range 2.1x?7.5x), with a consistently observed favoured 5’ U upstream context. The presence of genome scale RNA secondary structure (GORS) was the only other genomic or structural parameter significantly associated with C->U/U->C transition asymmetries by multivariable analysis (ANOVA), potentially reflecting RNA structure dependence of sites targeted for C->U mutations. Using the association index metric, C->U changes were specifically over-represented at phylogenetically uninformative sites, potentially paralleling extensive homoplasy of this transition reported in SARS-CoV-2. Although mechanisms remain to be functionally characterised, excess C->U substitutions accounted for 11?14% of standing sequence variability of structured viruses and may therefore represent a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution. Author summary The rapid evolution of RNA viruses is thought to arise from high mutation frequencies during replication and the rapid accumulation of genetic changes over time in response to its changing environments. This study describes an additional potent factor that contributes to the evolution of RNA viruses infecting mammals, the occurrence of specific C->U mutations in a subset that possess intensely structured genomes. This mutational process substantially damages the virus’s ability to replicate and is potentially akin to “genome editing” of HIV-1 and other retrovirus genome sequences by APOBEC, one of the principal components of vertebrate antiretroviral defence mechanisms. This study however provides evidence for a wider mutational activity against several human and veterinary RNA viruses, including HCV and foot and mouth disease virus. The C->U mutational process accounted for 15?20% of standing sequence variability of these RNA viruses, representing a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8195396/ 62 1553-7366 PLoS Pathogens San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
20092 114796 E형 간염 Plot Term Plot abstract 80030 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4400-x A descriptive analysis of the Spatio-temporal distribution of intestinal infectious diseases in China Ying Mao|||Ning Zhang|||Bin Zhu|||Jinlin Liu|||Rongxin He 201909 Research Article PMC Background Intestinal infectious diseases (IIDs) have caused numerous deaths worldwide, particularly among children. In China, eight IIDs are listed as notifiable infectious diseases, including cholera, poliomyelitis, dysentery, typhoid and paratyphoid (TAP), viral Hepatitis A, viral Hepatitis E, hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and other infectious diarrhoeal diseases (OIDDs). The aim of the study is to analyse the spatio-temporal distribution of IIDs from 2006 to 2016. Methods Data on the incidence of IIDs from 2006 to 2016 were collected from the public health science data centre issued by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. This study applied seasonal decomposition analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis and space-time scan analysis. Plots and maps were constructed to visualize the spatio-temporal distribution of IIDs. Results Regarding temporal analysis, the incidence of HFMD and Hepatitis E showed a distinct increasing trend, while the incidence of TAP, dysentery, and Hepatitis A presented decreasing trends over the last decade. The incidence of OIID remained steady. Summer is the season with the greatest number of cases of different IIDs. Regarding the spatial distribution, approximately all p values for the global Moran’s I from 2006 to 2016 were less than 0.05, indicating that the incidences of the epidemics were unevenly distributed throughout the country. The high-risk areas for HFMD and OIDD were located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan (BTT) region and south China. The high-risk areas for TAP were located in some parts of southwest China. A higher incidence rates for dysentery and Hepatitis A were observed in the BTT region and some west provincial units. The high-risk areas for Hepatitis E were the BTT region and the Yangtze River Delta area. Conclusions Based on our temporal and spatial analysis of IIDs, we identified the high-risk periods and clusters of regions for the diseases. HFMD and OIDD exhibited high incidence rates, which reflected the negligence of Class C diseases by the government. At the same time, the incidence rate of Hepatitis E gradually surpassed Hepatitis A. The authorities should pay more attention to Class C diseases and Hepatitis E. Regardless of the various distribution patterns of IIDs, disease-specific, location-specific, and disease-combined interventions should be established. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4400-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/6721277/ 2 1471-2334 BMC Infectious Diseases London : BioMed Central
4885 114796 E형 간염 dependent on Action dependent on abstract 20024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113563 A review on detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in light of the current knowledge of treatment process for removal of viral fragments Sarawut Sangkham 202112 Review PMC {{{ Abstract }}} !! The entire globe is affected by the novel disease of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV), which is formally recognised as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The World Health Organisation (WHO) announced this disease as a global pandemic. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in unprocessed wastewater has become a cause of worry due to these emerging pathogens in the process of wastewater treatment, as reported in the present study. This analysis intends to interpret the fate, environmental factors and route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, along with its eradication by treating the wastewater for controlling and preventing its further spread. Different recovery estimations of the virus have been depicted by the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater through the viral concentration techniques. Most frequently used viral concentration techniques include polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, ultrafiltration, electronegative membrane, and ultracentrifugation, after which the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA are done in wastewater samples through quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) holds the key responsibility of eliminating pathogens prior to the discharge of wastewater into surface water bodies. The removal of SARS-CoV-2 RNA at the treatment stage is dependent on the operations of wastewater treatment systems during the outbreak of the virus; particularly, in the urban and extensively populated regions. Efficient primary, secondary and tertiary methods of wastewater treatment and disinfection can reduce or inactivate SARS-CoV-2 RNA before being drained out. Nonetheless, further studies regarding COVID-19-related disinfectants, environment conditions and viral concentrations in each treatment procedure, implications on the environment and regular monitoring of transmission need to be done urgently. Hence, monitoring the SARS-CoV-2 RNA in samples of wastewater under the procedure of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) supplement the real-time data pertaining to the investigation of the COVID-19 pandemic in the community, regional and national levels. !!{{ Keywords: }} Disinfection; Surveillance; Transmission routes; Untreated wastewater; Virus concentration method; Wastewater treatment process; Wastewater?based epidemiology (WBE). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8373619/ 1883 0301-4797 Journal of environmental management London ; New York, Academic Press.
4886 114796 E형 간염 discharge Term discharge abstract 퇴원 20024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113563 A review on detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in light of the current knowledge of treatment process for removal of viral fragments Sarawut Sangkham 202112 Review PMC {{{ Abstract }}} !! The entire globe is affected by the novel disease of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV), which is formally recognised as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The World Health Organisation (WHO) announced this disease as a global pandemic. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in unprocessed wastewater has become a cause of worry due to these emerging pathogens in the process of wastewater treatment, as reported in the present study. This analysis intends to interpret the fate, environmental factors and route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, along with its eradication by treating the wastewater for controlling and preventing its further spread. Different recovery estimations of the virus have been depicted by the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater through the viral concentration techniques. Most frequently used viral concentration techniques include polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, ultrafiltration, electronegative membrane, and ultracentrifugation, after which the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA are done in wastewater samples through quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) holds the key responsibility of eliminating pathogens prior to the discharge of wastewater into surface water bodies. The removal of SARS-CoV-2 RNA at the treatment stage is dependent on the operations of wastewater treatment systems during the outbreak of the virus; particularly, in the urban and extensively populated regions. Efficient primary, secondary and tertiary methods of wastewater treatment and disinfection can reduce or inactivate SARS-CoV-2 RNA before being drained out. Nonetheless, further studies regarding COVID-19-related disinfectants, environment conditions and viral concentrations in each treatment procedure, implications on the environment and regular monitoring of transmission need to be done urgently. Hence, monitoring the SARS-CoV-2 RNA in samples of wastewater under the procedure of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) supplement the real-time data pertaining to the investigation of the COVID-19 pandemic in the community, regional and national levels. !!{{ Keywords: }} Disinfection; Surveillance; Transmission routes; Untreated wastewater; Virus concentration method; Wastewater treatment process; Wastewater?based epidemiology (WBE). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8373619/ 1883 0301-4797 Journal of environmental management London ; New York, Academic Press.
4875,114796,E형 간염,acute respiratory syndrome,Disease,acute respiratory syndrome,abstract,급성 호흡기 증후군
20024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113563 A review on detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in light of the current knowledge of treatment process for removal of viral fragments Sarawut Sangkham 202112 Review PMC {{{ Abstract }}} !! The entire globe is affected by the novel disease of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV), which is formally recognised as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The World Health Organisation (WHO) announced this disease as a global pandemic. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in unprocessed wastewater has become a cause of worry due to these emerging pathogens in the process of wastewater treatment, as reported in the present study. This analysis intends to interpret the fate, environmental factors and route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, along with its eradication by treating the wastewater for controlling and preventing its further spread. Different recovery estimations of the virus have been depicted by the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater through the viral concentration techniques. Most frequently used viral concentration techniques include polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, ultrafiltration, electronegative membrane, and ultracentrifugation, after which the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA are done in wastewater samples through quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) holds the key responsibility of eliminating pathogens prior to the discharge of wastewater into surface water bodies. The removal of SARS-CoV-2 RNA at the treatment stage is dependent on the operations of wastewater treatment systems during the outbreak of the virus; particularly, in the urban and extensively populated regions. Efficient primary, secondary and tertiary methods of wastewater treatment and disinfection can reduce or inactivate SARS-CoV-2 RNA before being drained out. Nonetheless, further studies regarding COVID-19-related disinfectants, environment conditions and viral concentrations in each treatment procedure, implications on the environment and regular monitoring of transmission need to be done urgently. Hence, monitoring the SARS-CoV-2 RNA in samples of wastewater under the procedure of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) supplement the real-time data pertaining to the investigation of the COVID-19 pandemic in the community, regional and national levels. !!{{ Keywords: }} Disinfection; Surveillance; Transmission routes; Untreated wastewater; Virus concentration method; Wastewater treatment process; Wastewater?based epidemiology (WBE). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8373619/ 1883 0301-4797 Journal of environmental management London ; New York, Academic Press.
13771 114796 E형 간염 molecular Molecule molecular abstract 생물학적 74478 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572567 Innate Immune Responses to Acute Viral Infection During Pregnancy Emily F. Cornish|||Iva Filipovic|||Fredrika ?senius|||David J. Williams|||Thomas McDonnell 202009 Immunology PMC Immunological adaptations in pregnancy allow maternal tolerance of the semi-allogeneic fetus but also increase maternal susceptibility to infection. At implantation, the endometrial stroma, glands, arteries and immune cells undergo anatomical and functional transformation to create the decidua, the specialized secretory endometrium of pregnancy. The maternal decidua and the invading fetal trophoblast constitute a dynamic junction that facilitates a complex immunological dialogue between the two. The decidual and peripheral immune systems together assume a pivotal role in regulating the critical balance between tolerance and defense against infection. Throughout pregnancy, this equilibrium is repeatedly subjected to microbial challenge. Acute viral infection in pregnancy is associated with a wide spectrum of adverse consequences for both mother and fetus. Vertical transmission from mother to fetus can cause developmental anomalies, growth restriction, preterm birth and stillbirth, while the mother is predisposed to heightened morbidity and maternal death. A rapid, effective response to invasive pathogens is therefore essential in order to avoid overwhelming maternal infection and consequent fetal compromise. This sentinel response is mediated by the innate immune system: a heritable, highly evolutionarily conserved system comprising physical barriers, antimicrobial peptides (AMP) and a variety of immune cells?principally neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells?which express pattern-receptors that detect invariant molecular signatures unique to pathogenic micro-organisms. Recognition of these signatures during acute infection triggers signaling cascades that enhance antimicrobial properties such as phagocytosis, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the complement system. As well as coordinating the initial immune response, macrophages and dendritic cells present microbial antigens to lymphocytes, initiating and influencing the development of specific, long-lasting adaptive immunity. Despite extensive progress in unraveling the immunological adaptations of pregnancy, pregnant women remain particularly susceptible to certain acute viral infections and continue to experience mortality rates equivalent to those observed in pandemics several decades ago. Here, we focus specifically on the pregnancy-induced vulnerabilities in innate immunity that contribute to the disproportionately high maternal mortality observed in the following acute viral infections: Lassa fever, Ebola virus disease (EVD), dengue fever, hepatitis E, influenza, and novel coronavirus infections. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7556209/ 109 1664-3224 Frontiers in Immunology [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation].
5680 114796 E형 간염 immunocompromised population Term immunocompromised population title 24614 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00061-1 Monitoring and managing SARS-CoV-2 evolution in immunocompromised populations Pengfei Li|||Annemarie C de Vries|||Nassim Kamar|||Maikel P Peppelenbosch|||Qiuwei Pan 202205 Article PMC None https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8923675/ 512 2666-5247 The Lancet. Microbe [Oxford] : Elsevier Ltd. 13.31300
11146 114796 E형 간염 ADP-ribosylation Term ADP-ribosylation abstract 51719 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007756 The coronavirus macrodomain is required to prevent PARP-mediated inhibition of virus replication and enhancement of IFN expression Matthew E. Grunewald|||Yating Chen|||Chad Kuny|||Takashi Maejima|||Robert Lease|||Dana Ferraris|||Masanori Aikawa|||Christopher S. Sullivan|||Stanley Perlman|||Anthony R. Fehr 201905 Research Article PMC ADP-ribosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational addition of either monomers or polymers of ADP-ribose to target proteins by ADP-ribosyltransferases, usually by interferon-inducible diphtheria toxin-like enzymes known as PARPs. While several PARPs have known antiviral activities, these activities are mostly independent of ADP-ribosylation. Consequently, less is known about the antiviral effects of ADP-ribosylation. Several viral families, including Coronaviridae, Togaviridae, and Hepeviridae, encode for macrodomain proteins that bind to and hydrolyze ADP-ribose from proteins and are critical for optimal replication and virulence. These results suggest that macrodomains counter cellular ADP-ribosylation, but whether PARPs or, alternatively, other ADP-ribosyltransferases cause this modification is not clear. Here we show that pan-PARP inhibition enhanced replication and inhibited interferon production in primary macrophages infected with macrodomain-mutant but not wild-type coronavirus. Specifically, knockdown of two abundantly expressed PARPs, PARP12 and PARP14, led to increased replication of mutant but did not significantly affect wild-type virus. PARP14 was also important for the induction of interferon in mouse and human cells, indicating a critical role for this PARP in the regulation of innate immunity. In summary, these data demonstrate that the macrodomain is required to prevent PARP-mediated inhibition of coronavirus replication and enhancement of interferon production. Author summary ADP-ribosylation, an understudied post-translational modification, facilitates the host response to virus infection. Several viruses, including all members of the coronavirus family, encode a macrodomain to reverse ADP-ribosylation and combat this immune response. As such, viruses with mutations in the macrodomain are highly attenuated and cause minimal disease in vivo . Here, using primary macrophages and mice infected with a pathogenic murine coronavirus, we identify PARPs, specifically PARP12 and PARP14, as host cell ADP-ribosylating enzymes important for the attenuation of these mutant viruses and confirm their importance using inhibitors and siRNAs. These data demonstrate a broad strategy of virus-host interactions and indicate that the macrodomain may be a useful target for antiviral therapy. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/6521996/ 62 1553-7366 PLoS Pathogens San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
11683 114796 E형 간염 Valley Term Valley abstract 53842 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-00973-z Next-generation diagnostics: virus capture facilitates a sensitive viral diagnosis for epizootic and zoonotic pathogens including SARS-CoV-2 Claudia Wylezich|||Sten Calvelage|||Kore Schlottau|||Ute Ziegler|||Anne Pohlmann|||Dirk H?per|||Martin Beer 202102 Methodology PMC Background The detection of pathogens in clinical and environmental samples using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) is often hampered by large amounts of background information, which is especially true for viruses with small genomes. Enormous sequencing depth can be necessary to compile sufficient information for identification of a certain pathogen. Generic HTS combining with in-solution capture enrichment can markedly increase the sensitivity for virus detection in complex diagnostic samples. Methods A virus panel based on the principle of biotinylated RNA baits was developed for specific capture enrichment of epizootic and zoonotic viruses (VirBaits). The VirBaits set was supplemented by a SARS-CoV-2 predesigned bait set for testing recent SARS-CoV-2-positive samples. Libraries generated from complex samples were sequenced via generic HTS (without enrichment) and afterwards enriched with the VirBaits set. For validation, an internal proficiency test for emerging epizootic and zoonotic viruses (African swine fever virus, Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus, Nipah henipavirus, Rift Valley fever virus) was conducted. Results The VirBaits set consists of 177,471 RNA baits (80-mer) based on about 18,800 complete viral genomes targeting 35 epizootic and zoonotic viruses. In all tested samples, viruses with both DNA and RNA genomes were clearly enriched ranging from about 10-fold to 10,000-fold for viruses including distantly related viruses with at least 72% overall identity to viruses represented in the bait set. Viruses showing a lower overall identity (38% and 46%) to them were not enriched but could nonetheless be detected based on capturing conserved genome regions. The internal proficiency test supports the improved virus detection using the combination of HTS plus targeted enrichment but also points to the risk of cross-contamination between samples. Conclusions The VirBaits approach showed a high diagnostic performance, also for distantly related viruses. The bait set is modular and expandable according to the favored diagnostics, health sector, or research question. The risk of cross-contamination needs to be taken into consideration. The application of the RNA-baits principle turned out to be user friendly, and even non-experts can easily use the VirBaits workflow. The rapid extension of the established VirBaits set adapted to actual outbreak events is possible as shown for SARS-CoV-2. Video abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40168-020-00973-z. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7896545/ 649 2049-2618 Microbiome London: BioMed Central
13801 114796 E형 간염 vulnerability Term Vulnerability abstract 취약성 74478 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572567 Innate Immune Responses to Acute Viral Infection During Pregnancy Emily F. Cornish|||Iva Filipovic|||Fredrika ?senius|||David J. Williams|||Thomas McDonnell 202009 Immunology PMC Immunological adaptations in pregnancy allow maternal tolerance of the semi-allogeneic fetus but also increase maternal susceptibility to infection. At implantation, the endometrial stroma, glands, arteries and immune cells undergo anatomical and functional transformation to create the decidua, the specialized secretory endometrium of pregnancy. The maternal decidua and the invading fetal trophoblast constitute a dynamic junction that facilitates a complex immunological dialogue between the two. The decidual and peripheral immune systems together assume a pivotal role in regulating the critical balance between tolerance and defense against infection. Throughout pregnancy, this equilibrium is repeatedly subjected to microbial challenge. Acute viral infection in pregnancy is associated with a wide spectrum of adverse consequences for both mother and fetus. Vertical transmission from mother to fetus can cause developmental anomalies, growth restriction, preterm birth and stillbirth, while the mother is predisposed to heightened morbidity and maternal death. A rapid, effective response to invasive pathogens is therefore essential in order to avoid overwhelming maternal infection and consequent fetal compromise. This sentinel response is mediated by the innate immune system: a heritable, highly evolutionarily conserved system comprising physical barriers, antimicrobial peptides (AMP) and a variety of immune cells?principally neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells?which express pattern-receptors that detect invariant molecular signatures unique to pathogenic micro-organisms. Recognition of these signatures during acute infection triggers signaling cascades that enhance antimicrobial properties such as phagocytosis, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the complement system. As well as coordinating the initial immune response, macrophages and dendritic cells present microbial antigens to lymphocytes, initiating and influencing the development of specific, long-lasting adaptive immunity. Despite extensive progress in unraveling the immunological adaptations of pregnancy, pregnant women remain particularly susceptible to certain acute viral infections and continue to experience mortality rates equivalent to those observed in pandemics several decades ago. Here, we focus specifically on the pregnancy-induced vulnerabilities in innate immunity that contribute to the disproportionately high maternal mortality observed in the following acute viral infections: Lassa fever, Ebola virus disease (EVD), dengue fever, hepatitis E, influenza, and novel coronavirus infections. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7556209/ 109 1664-3224 Frontiers in Immunology [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation].
9828 114796 E형 간염 number of comorbidities Term number of comorbidities abstract 동반 질환의 수 46001 https://doi.org/10.3390/v12060614 The Prediction of miRNAs in SARS-CoV-2 Genomes: hsa-miR Databases Identify 7 Key miRs Linked to Host Responses and Virus Pathogenicity-Related KEGG Pathways Significant for Comorbidities Elif Damla Arisan|||Alwyn Dart|||Guy H. Grant|||Serdar Arisan|||Songul Cuhadaroglu|||Sigrun Lange|||Pinar Uysal-Onganer 202006 Article PMC Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a member of the betacoronavirus family, which causes COVID-19 disease. SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity in humans leads to increased mortality rates due to alterations of significant pathways, including some resulting in exacerbated inflammatory responses linked to the “cytokine storm” and extensive lung pathology, as well as being linked to a number of comorbidities. Our current study compared five SARS-CoV-2 sequences from different geographical regions to those from SARS, MERS and two cold viruses, OC43 and 229E, to identify the presence of miR-like sequences. We identified seven key miRs, which highlight considerable differences between the SARS-CoV-2 sequences, compared with the other viruses. The level of conservation between the five SARS-CoV-2 sequences was identical but poor compared with the other sequences, with SARS showing the highest degree of conservation. This decrease in similarity could result in reduced levels of transcriptional control, as well as a change in the physiological effect of the virus and associated host-pathogen responses. MERS and the milder symptom viruses showed greater differences and even significant sequence gaps. This divergence away from the SARS-CoV-2 sequences broadly mirrors the phylogenetic relationships obtained from the whole-genome alignments. Therefore, patterns of mutation, occurring during sequence divergence from the longer established human viruses to the more recent ones, may have led to the emergence of sequence motifs that can be related directly to the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, we identified 7 key-microRNAs (miRs 8066, 5197, 3611, 3934-3p, 1307-3p, 3691-3p, 1468-5p) with significant links to KEGG pathways linked to viral pathogenicity and host responses. According to Bioproject data (PRJNA615032), SARS-CoV-2 mediated transcriptomic alterations were similar to the target pathways of the selected 7 miRs identified in our study. This mechanism could have considerable significance in determining the symptom spectrum of future potential pandemics. KEGG pathway analysis revealed a number of critical pathways linked to the seven identified miRs that may provide insight into the interplay between the virus and comorbidities. Based on our reported findings, miRNAs may constitute potential and effective therapeutic approaches in COVID-19 and its pathological consequences. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7354481/ 45 1999-4915 Viruses Basel, Switzerland : MDPI.
9831 114796 E형 간염 pathogenicity Term pathogenicity abstract 병원성 46001 https://doi.org/10.3390/v12060614 The Prediction of miRNAs in SARS-CoV-2 Genomes: hsa-miR Databases Identify 7 Key miRs Linked to Host Responses and Virus Pathogenicity-Related KEGG Pathways Significant for Comorbidities Elif Damla Arisan|||Alwyn Dart|||Guy H. Grant|||Serdar Arisan|||Songul Cuhadaroglu|||Sigrun Lange|||Pinar Uysal-Onganer 202006 Article PMC Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a member of the betacoronavirus family, which causes COVID-19 disease. SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity in humans leads to increased mortality rates due to alterations of significant pathways, including some resulting in exacerbated inflammatory responses linked to the “cytokine storm” and extensive lung pathology, as well as being linked to a number of comorbidities. Our current study compared five SARS-CoV-2 sequences from different geographical regions to those from SARS, MERS and two cold viruses, OC43 and 229E, to identify the presence of miR-like sequences. We identified seven key miRs, which highlight considerable differences between the SARS-CoV-2 sequences, compared with the other viruses. The level of conservation between the five SARS-CoV-2 sequences was identical but poor compared with the other sequences, with SARS showing the highest degree of conservation. This decrease in similarity could result in reduced levels of transcriptional control, as well as a change in the physiological effect of the virus and associated host-pathogen responses. MERS and the milder symptom viruses showed greater differences and even significant sequence gaps. This divergence away from the SARS-CoV-2 sequences broadly mirrors the phylogenetic relationships obtained from the whole-genome alignments. Therefore, patterns of mutation, occurring during sequence divergence from the longer established human viruses to the more recent ones, may have led to the emergence of sequence motifs that can be related directly to the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, we identified 7 key-microRNAs (miRs 8066, 5197, 3611, 3934-3p, 1307-3p, 3691-3p, 1468-5p) with significant links to KEGG pathways linked to viral pathogenicity and host responses. According to Bioproject data (PRJNA615032), SARS-CoV-2 mediated transcriptomic alterations were similar to the target pathways of the selected 7 miRs identified in our study. This mechanism could have considerable significance in determining the symptom spectrum of future potential pandemics. KEGG pathway analysis revealed a number of critical pathways linked to the seven identified miRs that may provide insight into the interplay between the virus and comorbidities. Based on our reported findings, miRNAs may constitute potential and effective therapeutic approaches in COVID-19 and its pathological consequences. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7354481/ 45 1999-4915 Viruses Basel, Switzerland : MDPI.
9833 114796 E형 간염 phylogenetic relationship Term phylogenetic relationship abstract 46001 https://doi.org/10.3390/v12060614 The Prediction of miRNAs in SARS-CoV-2 Genomes: hsa-miR Databases Identify 7 Key miRs Linked to Host Responses and Virus Pathogenicity-Related KEGG Pathways Significant for Comorbidities Elif Damla Arisan|||Alwyn Dart|||Guy H. Grant|||Serdar Arisan|||Songul Cuhadaroglu|||Sigrun Lange|||Pinar Uysal-Onganer 202006 Article PMC Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a member of the betacoronavirus family, which causes COVID-19 disease. SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity in humans leads to increased mortality rates due to alterations of significant pathways, including some resulting in exacerbated inflammatory responses linked to the “cytokine storm” and extensive lung pathology, as well as being linked to a number of comorbidities. Our current study compared five SARS-CoV-2 sequences from different geographical regions to those from SARS, MERS and two cold viruses, OC43 and 229E, to identify the presence of miR-like sequences. We identified seven key miRs, which highlight considerable differences between the SARS-CoV-2 sequences, compared with the other viruses. The level of conservation between the five SARS-CoV-2 sequences was identical but poor compared with the other sequences, with SARS showing the highest degree of conservation. This decrease in similarity could result in reduced levels of transcriptional control, as well as a change in the physiological effect of the virus and associated host-pathogen responses. MERS and the milder symptom viruses showed greater differences and even significant sequence gaps. This divergence away from the SARS-CoV-2 sequences broadly mirrors the phylogenetic relationships obtained from the whole-genome alignments. Therefore, patterns of mutation, occurring during sequence divergence from the longer established human viruses to the more recent ones, may have led to the emergence of sequence motifs that can be related directly to the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, we identified 7 key-microRNAs (miRs 8066, 5197, 3611, 3934-3p, 1307-3p, 3691-3p, 1468-5p) with significant links to KEGG pathways linked to viral pathogenicity and host responses. According to Bioproject data (PRJNA615032), SARS-CoV-2 mediated transcriptomic alterations were similar to the target pathways of the selected 7 miRs identified in our study. This mechanism could have considerable significance in determining the symptom spectrum of future potential pandemics. KEGG pathway analysis revealed a number of critical pathways linked to the seven identified miRs that may provide insight into the interplay between the virus and comorbidities. Based on our reported findings, miRNAs may constitute potential and effective therapeutic approaches in COVID-19 and its pathological consequences. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7354481/ 45 1999-4915 Viruses Basel, Switzerland : MDPI.
9834 114796 E형 간염 physiological effect Action physiological effect abstract 생리적 효과 46001 https://doi.org/10.3390/v12060614 The Prediction of miRNAs in SARS-CoV-2 Genomes: hsa-miR Databases Identify 7 Key miRs Linked to Host Responses and Virus Pathogenicity-Related KEGG Pathways Significant for Comorbidities Elif Damla Arisan|||Alwyn Dart|||Guy H. Grant|||Serdar Arisan|||Songul Cuhadaroglu|||Sigrun Lange|||Pinar Uysal-Onganer 202006 Article PMC Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a member of the betacoronavirus family, which causes COVID-19 disease. SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity in humans leads to increased mortality rates due to alterations of significant pathways, including some resulting in exacerbated inflammatory responses linked to the “cytokine storm” and extensive lung pathology, as well as being linked to a number of comorbidities. Our current study compared five SARS-CoV-2 sequences from different geographical regions to those from SARS, MERS and two cold viruses, OC43 and 229E, to identify the presence of miR-like sequences. We identified seven key miRs, which highlight considerable differences between the SARS-CoV-2 sequences, compared with the other viruses. The level of conservation between the five SARS-CoV-2 sequences was identical but poor compared with the other sequences, with SARS showing the highest degree of conservation. This decrease in similarity could result in reduced levels of transcriptional control, as well as a change in the physiological effect of the virus and associated host-pathogen responses. MERS and the milder symptom viruses showed greater differences and even significant sequence gaps. This divergence away from the SARS-CoV-2 sequences broadly mirrors the phylogenetic relationships obtained from the whole-genome alignments. Therefore, patterns of mutation, occurring during sequence divergence from the longer established human viruses to the more recent ones, may have led to the emergence of sequence motifs that can be related directly to the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, we identified 7 key-microRNAs (miRs 8066, 5197, 3611, 3934-3p, 1307-3p, 3691-3p, 1468-5p) with significant links to KEGG pathways linked to viral pathogenicity and host responses. According to Bioproject data (PRJNA615032), SARS-CoV-2 mediated transcriptomic alterations were similar to the target pathways of the selected 7 miRs identified in our study. This mechanism could have considerable significance in determining the symptom spectrum of future potential pandemics. KEGG pathway analysis revealed a number of critical pathways linked to the seven identified miRs that may provide insight into the interplay between the virus and comorbidities. Based on our reported findings, miRNAs may constitute potential and effective therapeutic approaches in COVID-19 and its pathological consequences. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7354481/ 45 1999-4915 Viruses Basel, Switzerland : MDPI.
9835 114796 E형 간염 Prediction Term prediction title 예찰 46001 https://doi.org/10.3390/v12060614 The Prediction of miRNAs in SARS-CoV-2 Genomes: hsa-miR Databases Identify 7 Key miRs Linked to Host Responses and Virus Pathogenicity-Related KEGG Pathways Significant for Comorbidities Elif Damla Arisan|||Alwyn Dart|||Guy H. Grant|||Serdar Arisan|||Songul Cuhadaroglu|||Sigrun Lange|||Pinar Uysal-Onganer 202006 Article PMC Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a member of the betacoronavirus family, which causes COVID-19 disease. SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity in humans leads to increased mortality rates due to alterations of significant pathways, including some resulting in exacerbated inflammatory responses linked to the “cytokine storm” and extensive lung pathology, as well as being linked to a number of comorbidities. Our current study compared five SARS-CoV-2 sequences from different geographical regions to those from SARS, MERS and two cold viruses, OC43 and 229E, to identify the presence of miR-like sequences. We identified seven key miRs, which highlight considerable differences between the SARS-CoV-2 sequences, compared with the other viruses. The level of conservation between the five SARS-CoV-2 sequences was identical but poor compared with the other sequences, with SARS showing the highest degree of conservation. This decrease in similarity could result in reduced levels of transcriptional control, as well as a change in the physiological effect of the virus and associated host-pathogen responses. MERS and the milder symptom viruses showed greater differences and even significant sequence gaps. This divergence away from the SARS-CoV-2 sequences broadly mirrors the phylogenetic relationships obtained from the whole-genome alignments. Therefore, patterns of mutation, occurring during sequence divergence from the longer established human viruses to the more recent ones, may have led to the emergence of sequence motifs that can be related directly to the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, we identified 7 key-microRNAs (miRs 8066, 5197, 3611, 3934-3p, 1307-3p, 3691-3p, 1468-5p) with significant links to KEGG pathways linked to viral pathogenicity and host responses. According to Bioproject data (PRJNA615032), SARS-CoV-2 mediated transcriptomic alterations were similar to the target pathways of the selected 7 miRs identified in our study. This mechanism could have considerable significance in determining the symptom spectrum of future potential pandemics. KEGG pathway analysis revealed a number of critical pathways linked to the seven identified miRs that may provide insight into the interplay between the virus and comorbidities. Based on our reported findings, miRNAs may constitute potential and effective therapeutic approaches in COVID-19 and its pathological consequences. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7354481/ 45 1999-4915 Viruses Basel, Switzerland : MDPI.
9838 114796 E형 간염 Response Term response title 반응 46001 https://doi.org/10.3390/v12060614 The Prediction of miRNAs in SARS-CoV-2 Genomes: hsa-miR Databases Identify 7 Key miRs Linked to Host Responses and Virus Pathogenicity-Related KEGG Pathways Significant for Comorbidities Elif Damla Arisan|||Alwyn Dart|||Guy H. Grant|||Serdar Arisan|||Songul Cuhadaroglu|||Sigrun Lange|||Pinar Uysal-Onganer 202006 Article PMC Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a member of the betacoronavirus family, which causes COVID-19 disease. SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity in humans leads to increased mortality rates due to alterations of significant pathways, including some resulting in exacerbated inflammatory responses linked to the “cytokine storm” and extensive lung pathology, as well as being linked to a number of comorbidities. Our current study compared five SARS-CoV-2 sequences from different geographical regions to those from SARS, MERS and two cold viruses, OC43 and 229E, to identify the presence of miR-like sequences. We identified seven key miRs, which highlight considerable differences between the SARS-CoV-2 sequences, compared with the other viruses. The level of conservation between the five SARS-CoV-2 sequences was identical but poor compared with the other sequences, with SARS showing the highest degree of conservation. This decrease in similarity could result in reduced levels of transcriptional control, as well as a change in the physiological effect of the virus and associated host-pathogen responses. MERS and the milder symptom viruses showed greater differences and even significant sequence gaps. This divergence away from the SARS-CoV-2 sequences broadly mirrors the phylogenetic relationships obtained from the whole-genome alignments. Therefore, patterns of mutation, occurring during sequence divergence from the longer established human viruses to the more recent ones, may have led to the emergence of sequence motifs that can be related directly to the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, we identified 7 key-microRNAs (miRs 8066, 5197, 3611, 3934-3p, 1307-3p, 3691-3p, 1468-5p) with significant links to KEGG pathways linked to viral pathogenicity and host responses. According to Bioproject data (PRJNA615032), SARS-CoV-2 mediated transcriptomic alterations were similar to the target pathways of the selected 7 miRs identified in our study. This mechanism could have considerable significance in determining the symptom spectrum of future potential pandemics. KEGG pathway analysis revealed a number of critical pathways linked to the seven identified miRs that may provide insight into the interplay between the virus and comorbidities. Based on our reported findings, miRNAs may constitute potential and effective therapeutic approaches in COVID-19 and its pathological consequences. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7354481/ 45 1999-4915 Viruses Basel, Switzerland : MDPI.
8046 114796 E형 간염 approaches Term approaches abstract 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8070 114796 E형 간염 help Action help abstract 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
13730 114796 E형 간염 dendritic cells Gene dendritic cells abstract 수지상 세포 74478 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572567 Innate Immune Responses to Acute Viral Infection During Pregnancy Emily F. Cornish|||Iva Filipovic|||Fredrika ?senius|||David J. Williams|||Thomas McDonnell 202009 Immunology PMC Immunological adaptations in pregnancy allow maternal tolerance of the semi-allogeneic fetus but also increase maternal susceptibility to infection. At implantation, the endometrial stroma, glands, arteries and immune cells undergo anatomical and functional transformation to create the decidua, the specialized secretory endometrium of pregnancy. The maternal decidua and the invading fetal trophoblast constitute a dynamic junction that facilitates a complex immunological dialogue between the two. The decidual and peripheral immune systems together assume a pivotal role in regulating the critical balance between tolerance and defense against infection. Throughout pregnancy, this equilibrium is repeatedly subjected to microbial challenge. Acute viral infection in pregnancy is associated with a wide spectrum of adverse consequences for both mother and fetus. Vertical transmission from mother to fetus can cause developmental anomalies, growth restriction, preterm birth and stillbirth, while the mother is predisposed to heightened morbidity and maternal death. A rapid, effective response to invasive pathogens is therefore essential in order to avoid overwhelming maternal infection and consequent fetal compromise. This sentinel response is mediated by the innate immune system: a heritable, highly evolutionarily conserved system comprising physical barriers, antimicrobial peptides (AMP) and a variety of immune cells?principally neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells?which express pattern-receptors that detect invariant molecular signatures unique to pathogenic micro-organisms. Recognition of these signatures during acute infection triggers signaling cascades that enhance antimicrobial properties such as phagocytosis, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the complement system. As well as coordinating the initial immune response, macrophages and dendritic cells present microbial antigens to lymphocytes, initiating and influencing the development of specific, long-lasting adaptive immunity. Despite extensive progress in unraveling the immunological adaptations of pregnancy, pregnant women remain particularly susceptible to certain acute viral infections and continue to experience mortality rates equivalent to those observed in pandemics several decades ago. Here, we focus specifically on the pregnancy-induced vulnerabilities in innate immunity that contribute to the disproportionately high maternal mortality observed in the following acute viral infections: Lassa fever, Ebola virus disease (EVD), dengue fever, hepatitis E, influenza, and novel coronavirus infections. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7556209/ 109 1664-3224 Frontiers in Immunology [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation].
9848 114796 E형 간염 seven Patient seven abstract 46001 https://doi.org/10.3390/v12060614 The Prediction of miRNAs in SARS-CoV-2 Genomes: hsa-miR Databases Identify 7 Key miRs Linked to Host Responses and Virus Pathogenicity-Related KEGG Pathways Significant for Comorbidities Elif Damla Arisan|||Alwyn Dart|||Guy H. Grant|||Serdar Arisan|||Songul Cuhadaroglu|||Sigrun Lange|||Pinar Uysal-Onganer 202006 Article PMC Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a member of the betacoronavirus family, which causes COVID-19 disease. SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity in humans leads to increased mortality rates due to alterations of significant pathways, including some resulting in exacerbated inflammatory responses linked to the “cytokine storm” and extensive lung pathology, as well as being linked to a number of comorbidities. Our current study compared five SARS-CoV-2 sequences from different geographical regions to those from SARS, MERS and two cold viruses, OC43 and 229E, to identify the presence of miR-like sequences. We identified seven key miRs, which highlight considerable differences between the SARS-CoV-2 sequences, compared with the other viruses. The level of conservation between the five SARS-CoV-2 sequences was identical but poor compared with the other sequences, with SARS showing the highest degree of conservation. This decrease in similarity could result in reduced levels of transcriptional control, as well as a change in the physiological effect of the virus and associated host-pathogen responses. MERS and the milder symptom viruses showed greater differences and even significant sequence gaps. This divergence away from the SARS-CoV-2 sequences broadly mirrors the phylogenetic relationships obtained from the whole-genome alignments. Therefore, patterns of mutation, occurring during sequence divergence from the longer established human viruses to the more recent ones, may have led to the emergence of sequence motifs that can be related directly to the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, we identified 7 key-microRNAs (miRs 8066, 5197, 3611, 3934-3p, 1307-3p, 3691-3p, 1468-5p) with significant links to KEGG pathways linked to viral pathogenicity and host responses. According to Bioproject data (PRJNA615032), SARS-CoV-2 mediated transcriptomic alterations were similar to the target pathways of the selected 7 miRs identified in our study. This mechanism could have considerable significance in determining the symptom spectrum of future potential pandemics. KEGG pathway analysis revealed a number of critical pathways linked to the seven identified miRs that may provide insight into the interplay between the virus and comorbidities. Based on our reported findings, miRNAs may constitute potential and effective therapeutic approaches in COVID-19 and its pathological consequences. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7354481/ 45 1999-4915 Viruses Basel, Switzerland : MDPI.
9850 114796 E형 간염 Significant Term Significant title 46001 https://doi.org/10.3390/v12060614 The Prediction of miRNAs in SARS-CoV-2 Genomes: hsa-miR Databases Identify 7 Key miRs Linked to Host Responses and Virus Pathogenicity-Related KEGG Pathways Significant for Comorbidities Elif Damla Arisan|||Alwyn Dart|||Guy H. Grant|||Serdar Arisan|||Songul Cuhadaroglu|||Sigrun Lange|||Pinar Uysal-Onganer 202006 Article PMC Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a member of the betacoronavirus family, which causes COVID-19 disease. SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity in humans leads to increased mortality rates due to alterations of significant pathways, including some resulting in exacerbated inflammatory responses linked to the “cytokine storm” and extensive lung pathology, as well as being linked to a number of comorbidities. Our current study compared five SARS-CoV-2 sequences from different geographical regions to those from SARS, MERS and two cold viruses, OC43 and 229E, to identify the presence of miR-like sequences. We identified seven key miRs, which highlight considerable differences between the SARS-CoV-2 sequences, compared with the other viruses. The level of conservation between the five SARS-CoV-2 sequences was identical but poor compared with the other sequences, with SARS showing the highest degree of conservation. This decrease in similarity could result in reduced levels of transcriptional control, as well as a change in the physiological effect of the virus and associated host-pathogen responses. MERS and the milder symptom viruses showed greater differences and even significant sequence gaps. This divergence away from the SARS-CoV-2 sequences broadly mirrors the phylogenetic relationships obtained from the whole-genome alignments. Therefore, patterns of mutation, occurring during sequence divergence from the longer established human viruses to the more recent ones, may have led to the emergence of sequence motifs that can be related directly to the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, we identified 7 key-microRNAs (miRs 8066, 5197, 3611, 3934-3p, 1307-3p, 3691-3p, 1468-5p) with significant links to KEGG pathways linked to viral pathogenicity and host responses. According to Bioproject data (PRJNA615032), SARS-CoV-2 mediated transcriptomic alterations were similar to the target pathways of the selected 7 miRs identified in our study. This mechanism could have considerable significance in determining the symptom spectrum of future potential pandemics. KEGG pathway analysis revealed a number of critical pathways linked to the seven identified miRs that may provide insight into the interplay between the virus and comorbidities. Based on our reported findings, miRNAs may constitute potential and effective therapeutic approaches in COVID-19 and its pathological consequences. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7354481/ 45 1999-4915 Viruses Basel, Switzerland : MDPI.
8043 114796 E형 간염 activation Action activation abstract 활성화 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8045 114796 E형 간염 approach. Term approach. abstract 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8049 114796 E형 간염 benefit Institution benefit abstract 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8051 114796 E형 간염 causes, Term causes, abstract 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8053 114796 E형 간염 conditions Term conditions abstract 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8055 114796 E형 간염 current Term Current abstract 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8057 114796 E형 간염 detection Term Detection abstract 검출 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8059 114796 E형 간염 efficacy Term efficacy abstract 효능 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8061 114796 E형 간염 endemic diseases Term endemic diseases abstract 지방병 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8063 114796 E형 간염 exposure Term Exposure abstract 노출 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8065 114796 E형 간염 fields Term fields abstract 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8067 114796 E형 간염 food safety Term Food safety abstract 식품위생 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8069 114796 E형 간염 genomic Term genomic abstract 유전체학 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8071 114796 E형 간염 higher efficiency Term higher efficiency abstract 더 높은 효율성 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8073 114796 E형 간염 identify Action identify abstract 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8075 114796 E형 간염 Image Term Image abstract 영상 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8077 114796 E형 간염 inactivated Action inactivated abstract 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8079 114796 E형 간염 incubation Term Incubation abstract 부란 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8081 114796 E형 간염 infectious viruses Virus infectious viruses abstract 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8083 114796 E형 간염 investigation Term Investigation abstract 검색 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8088 114796 E형 간염 loss Term Loss abstract 손실 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
8089 114796 E형 간염 lower Term Lower abstract 43752 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100080 Capsid integrity quantitative PCR to determine virus infectivity in environmental and food applications ? A systematic review Mats Leifels|||Dan Cheng|||Emanuele Sozzi|||David C. Shoults|||Stefan Wuertz|||Skorn Mongkolsuk|||Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 202012 Full Paper PMC Capsid integrity quantitative PCR (qPCR), a molecular detection method for infectious viruses combining azo dye pretreatment with qPCR, has been widely used in recent years; however, variations in pretreatment conditions for various virus types can limit the efficacy of specific protocols. By identifying and critically synthesizing forty-one recent peer-reviewed studies employing capsid integrity qPCR for viruses in the last decade (2009?2019) in the fields of food safety and environmental virology, we aimed to establish recommendations for the detection of infectious viruses. Intercalating dyes are effective measures of viability in PCR assays provided the viral capsid is damaged; viruses that have been inactivated by other causes, such as loss of attachment or genomic damage, are less well detected using this approach. Although optimizing specific protocols for each virus is recommended, we identify a framework for general assay conditions. These include concentrations of ethidium monoazide, propidium monoazide or its derivates between 10 and 200?μM; incubation on ice or at room temperature (20 - 25?°C) for 5?120?min; and dye activation using LED or high light (500?800 Watts) exposure for periods ranging from 5 to 20?min. These simple steps can benefit the investigation of infectious virus transmission in routine (water) monitoring settings and during viral outbreaks such as the current COVID-19 pandemic or endemic diseases like dengue fever. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights ? PMA/PMAxx have higher efficiency removing false negatives from qPCR for DNA/RNA viruses than EMA. ? One size fits all pretreatment approaches are possible but lead to lower virus signal reduction. ? Capsid integrity qPCR is a valuable tool to adapt existent workflows for improving risk assessment. ? Azo dye pretreatment can help refine significance of qPCR during virus outbreaks. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7811166/ 3009 Water Research X
11182 114796 E형 간염 mutant viruse Virus mutant viruse abstract 51719 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007756 The coronavirus macrodomain is required to prevent PARP-mediated inhibition of virus replication and enhancement of IFN expression Matthew E. Grunewald|||Yating Chen|||Chad Kuny|||Takashi Maejima|||Robert Lease|||Dana Ferraris|||Masanori Aikawa|||Christopher S. Sullivan|||Stanley Perlman|||Anthony R. Fehr 201905 Research Article PMC ADP-ribosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational addition of either monomers or polymers of ADP-ribose to target proteins by ADP-ribosyltransferases, usually by interferon-inducible diphtheria toxin-like enzymes known as PARPs. While several PARPs have known antiviral activities, these activities are mostly independent of ADP-ribosylation. Consequently, less is known about the antiviral effects of ADP-ribosylation. Several viral families, including Coronaviridae, Togaviridae, and Hepeviridae, encode for macrodomain proteins that bind to and hydrolyze ADP-ribose from proteins and are critical for optimal replication and virulence. These results suggest that macrodomains counter cellular ADP-ribosylation, but whether PARPs or, alternatively, other ADP-ribosyltransferases cause this modification is not clear. Here we show that pan-PARP inhibition enhanced replication and inhibited interferon production in primary macrophages infected with macrodomain-mutant but not wild-type coronavirus. Specifically, knockdown of two abundantly expressed PARPs, PARP12 and PARP14, led to increased replication of mutant but did not significantly affect wild-type virus. PARP14 was also important for the induction of interferon in mouse and human cells, indicating a critical role for this PARP in the regulation of innate immunity. In summary, these data demonstrate that the macrodomain is required to prevent PARP-mediated inhibition of coronavirus replication and enhancement of interferon production. Author summary ADP-ribosylation, an understudied post-translational modification, facilitates the host response to virus infection. Several viruses, including all members of the coronavirus family, encode a macrodomain to reverse ADP-ribosylation and combat this immune response. As such, viruses with mutations in the macrodomain are highly attenuated and cause minimal disease in vivo . Here, using primary macrophages and mice infected with a pathogenic murine coronavirus, we identify PARPs, specifically PARP12 and PARP14, as host cell ADP-ribosylating enzymes important for the attenuation of these mutant viruses and confirm their importance using inhibitors and siRNAs. These data demonstrate a broad strategy of virus-host interactions and indicate that the macrodomain may be a useful target for antiviral therapy. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/6521996/ 62 1553-7366 PLoS Pathogens San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
11184 114796 E형 간염 PARP Gene PARP abstract 파프 51719 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007756 The coronavirus macrodomain is required to prevent PARP-mediated inhibition of virus replication and enhancement of IFN expression Matthew E. Grunewald|||Yating Chen|||Chad Kuny|||Takashi Maejima|||Robert Lease|||Dana Ferraris|||Masanori Aikawa|||Christopher S. Sullivan|||Stanley Perlman|||Anthony R. Fehr 201905 Research Article PMC ADP-ribosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational addition of either monomers or polymers of ADP-ribose to target proteins by ADP-ribosyltransferases, usually by interferon-inducible diphtheria toxin-like enzymes known as PARPs. While several PARPs have known antiviral activities, these activities are mostly independent of ADP-ribosylation. Consequently, less is known about the antiviral effects of ADP-ribosylation. Several viral families, including Coronaviridae, Togaviridae, and Hepeviridae, encode for macrodomain proteins that bind to and hydrolyze ADP-ribose from proteins and are critical for optimal replication and virulence. These results suggest that macrodomains counter cellular ADP-ribosylation, but whether PARPs or, alternatively, other ADP-ribosyltransferases cause this modification is not clear. Here we show that pan-PARP inhibition enhanced replication and inhibited interferon production in primary macrophages infected with macrodomain-mutant but not wild-type coronavirus. Specifically, knockdown of two abundantly expressed PARPs, PARP12 and PARP14, led to increased replication of mutant but did not significantly affect wild-type virus. PARP14 was also important for the induction of interferon in mouse and human cells, indicating a critical role for this PARP in the regulation of innate immunity. In summary, these data demonstrate that the macrodomain is required to prevent PARP-mediated inhibition of coronavirus replication and enhancement of interferon production. Author summary ADP-ribosylation, an understudied post-translational modification, facilitates the host response to virus infection. Several viruses, including all members of the coronavirus family, encode a macrodomain to reverse ADP-ribosylation and combat this immune response. As such, viruses with mutations in the macrodomain are highly attenuated and cause minimal disease in vivo . Here, using primary macrophages and mice infected with a pathogenic murine coronavirus, we identify PARPs, specifically PARP12 and PARP14, as host cell ADP-ribosylating enzymes important for the attenuation of these mutant viruses and confirm their importance using inhibitors and siRNAs. These data demonstrate a broad strategy of virus-host interactions and indicate that the macrodomain may be a useful target for antiviral therapy. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/6521996/ 62 1553-7366 PLoS Pathogens San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
13796 114796 E형 간염 undergo Term undergo abstract 74478 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572567 Innate Immune Responses to Acute Viral Infection During Pregnancy Emily F. Cornish|||Iva Filipovic|||Fredrika ?senius|||David J. Williams|||Thomas McDonnell 202009 Immunology PMC Immunological adaptations in pregnancy allow maternal tolerance of the semi-allogeneic fetus but also increase maternal susceptibility to infection. At implantation, the endometrial stroma, glands, arteries and immune cells undergo anatomical and functional transformation to create the decidua, the specialized secretory endometrium of pregnancy. The maternal decidua and the invading fetal trophoblast constitute a dynamic junction that facilitates a complex immunological dialogue between the two. The decidual and peripheral immune systems together assume a pivotal role in regulating the critical balance between tolerance and defense against infection. Throughout pregnancy, this equilibrium is repeatedly subjected to microbial challenge. Acute viral infection in pregnancy is associated with a wide spectrum of adverse consequences for both mother and fetus. Vertical transmission from mother to fetus can cause developmental anomalies, growth restriction, preterm birth and stillbirth, while the mother is predisposed to heightened morbidity and maternal death. A rapid, effective response to invasive pathogens is therefore essential in order to avoid overwhelming maternal infection and consequent fetal compromise. This sentinel response is mediated by the innate immune system: a heritable, highly evolutionarily conserved system comprising physical barriers, antimicrobial peptides (AMP) and a variety of immune cells?principally neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells?which express pattern-receptors that detect invariant molecular signatures unique to pathogenic micro-organisms. Recognition of these signatures during acute infection triggers signaling cascades that enhance antimicrobial properties such as phagocytosis, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the complement system. As well as coordinating the initial immune response, macrophages and dendritic cells present microbial antigens to lymphocytes, initiating and influencing the development of specific, long-lasting adaptive immunity. Despite extensive progress in unraveling the immunological adaptations of pregnancy, pregnant women remain particularly susceptible to certain acute viral infections and continue to experience mortality rates equivalent to those observed in pandemics several decades ago. Here, we focus specifically on the pregnancy-induced vulnerabilities in innate immunity that contribute to the disproportionately high maternal mortality observed in the following acute viral infections: Lassa fever, Ebola virus disease (EVD), dengue fever, hepatitis E, influenza, and novel coronavirus infections. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7556209/ 109 1664-3224 Frontiers in Immunology [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation].
20104 114796 E형 간염 supplementary material Term supplementary material abstract 보충자료 80030 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4400-x A descriptive analysis of the Spatio-temporal distribution of intestinal infectious diseases in China Ying Mao|||Ning Zhang|||Bin Zhu|||Jinlin Liu|||Rongxin He 201909 Research Article PMC Background Intestinal infectious diseases (IIDs) have caused numerous deaths worldwide, particularly among children. In China, eight IIDs are listed as notifiable infectious diseases, including cholera, poliomyelitis, dysentery, typhoid and paratyphoid (TAP), viral Hepatitis A, viral Hepatitis E, hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and other infectious diarrhoeal diseases (OIDDs). The aim of the study is to analyse the spatio-temporal distribution of IIDs from 2006 to 2016. Methods Data on the incidence of IIDs from 2006 to 2016 were collected from the public health science data centre issued by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. This study applied seasonal decomposition analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis and space-time scan analysis. Plots and maps were constructed to visualize the spatio-temporal distribution of IIDs. Results Regarding temporal analysis, the incidence of HFMD and Hepatitis E showed a distinct increasing trend, while the incidence of TAP, dysentery, and Hepatitis A presented decreasing trends over the last decade. The incidence of OIID remained steady. Summer is the season with the greatest number of cases of different IIDs. Regarding the spatial distribution, approximately all p values for the global Moran’s I from 2006 to 2016 were less than 0.05, indicating that the incidences of the epidemics were unevenly distributed throughout the country. The high-risk areas for HFMD and OIDD were located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan (BTT) region and south China. The high-risk areas for TAP were located in some parts of southwest China. A higher incidence rates for dysentery and Hepatitis A were observed in the BTT region and some west provincial units. The high-risk areas for Hepatitis E were the BTT region and the Yangtze River Delta area. Conclusions Based on our temporal and spatial analysis of IIDs, we identified the high-risk periods and clusters of regions for the diseases. HFMD and OIDD exhibited high incidence rates, which reflected the negligence of Class C diseases by the government. At the same time, the incidence rate of Hepatitis E gradually surpassed Hepatitis A. The authorities should pay more attention to Class C diseases and Hepatitis E. Regardless of the various distribution patterns of IIDs, disease-specific, location-specific, and disease-combined interventions should be established. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4400-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/6721277/ 2 1471-2334 BMC Infectious Diseases London : BioMed Central
9861 114796 E형 간염 virus Virus virus abstract 바이러스 46001 https://doi.org/10.3390/v12060614 The Prediction of miRNAs in SARS-CoV-2 Genomes: hsa-miR Databases Identify 7 Key miRs Linked to Host Responses and Virus Pathogenicity-Related KEGG Pathways Significant for Comorbidities Elif Damla Arisan|||Alwyn Dart|||Guy H. Grant|||Serdar Arisan|||Songul Cuhadaroglu|||Sigrun Lange|||Pinar Uysal-Onganer 202006 Article PMC Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a member of the betacoronavirus family, which causes COVID-19 disease. SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity in humans leads to increased mortality rates due to alterations of significant pathways, including some resulting in exacerbated inflammatory responses linked to the “cytokine storm” and extensive lung pathology, as well as being linked to a number of comorbidities. Our current study compared five SARS-CoV-2 sequences from different geographical regions to those from SARS, MERS and two cold viruses, OC43 and 229E, to identify the presence of miR-like sequences. We identified seven key miRs, which highlight considerable differences between the SARS-CoV-2 sequences, compared with the other viruses. The level of conservation between the five SARS-CoV-2 sequences was identical but poor compared with the other sequences, with SARS showing the highest degree of conservation. This decrease in similarity could result in reduced levels of transcriptional control, as well as a change in the physiological effect of the virus and associated host-pathogen responses. MERS and the milder symptom viruses showed greater differences and even significant sequence gaps. This divergence away from the SARS-CoV-2 sequences broadly mirrors the phylogenetic relationships obtained from the whole-genome alignments. Therefore, patterns of mutation, occurring during sequence divergence from the longer established human viruses to the more recent ones, may have led to the emergence of sequence motifs that can be related directly to the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, we identified 7 key-microRNAs (miRs 8066, 5197, 3611, 3934-3p, 1307-3p, 3691-3p, 1468-5p) with significant links to KEGG pathways linked to viral pathogenicity and host responses. According to Bioproject data (PRJNA615032), SARS-CoV-2 mediated transcriptomic alterations were similar to the target pathways of the selected 7 miRs identified in our study. This mechanism could have considerable significance in determining the symptom spectrum of future potential pandemics. KEGG pathway analysis revealed a number of critical pathways linked to the seven identified miRs that may provide insight into the interplay between the virus and comorbidities. Based on our reported findings, miRNAs may constitute potential and effective therapeutic approaches in COVID-19 and its pathological consequences. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7354481/ 45 1999-4915 Viruses Basel, Switzerland : MDPI.
11690 114796 E형 간염 zoonotic Term zoonotic abstract 동물원성(動物原性) 감염증의 53842 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-00973-z Next-generation diagnostics: virus capture facilitates a sensitive viral diagnosis for epizootic and zoonotic pathogens including SARS-CoV-2 Claudia Wylezich|||Sten Calvelage|||Kore Schlottau|||Ute Ziegler|||Anne Pohlmann|||Dirk H?per|||Martin Beer 202102 Methodology PMC Background The detection of pathogens in clinical and environmental samples using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) is often hampered by large amounts of background information, which is especially true for viruses with small genomes. Enormous sequencing depth can be necessary to compile sufficient information for identification of a certain pathogen. Generic HTS combining with in-solution capture enrichment can markedly increase the sensitivity for virus detection in complex diagnostic samples. Methods A virus panel based on the principle of biotinylated RNA baits was developed for specific capture enrichment of epizootic and zoonotic viruses (VirBaits). The VirBaits set was supplemented by a SARS-CoV-2 predesigned bait set for testing recent SARS-CoV-2-positive samples. Libraries generated from complex samples were sequenced via generic HTS (without enrichment) and afterwards enriched with the VirBaits set. For validation, an internal proficiency test for emerging epizootic and zoonotic viruses (African swine fever virus, Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus, Nipah henipavirus, Rift Valley fever virus) was conducted. Results The VirBaits set consists of 177,471 RNA baits (80-mer) based on about 18,800 complete viral genomes targeting 35 epizootic and zoonotic viruses. In all tested samples, viruses with both DNA and RNA genomes were clearly enriched ranging from about 10-fold to 10,000-fold for viruses including distantly related viruses with at least 72% overall identity to viruses represented in the bait set. Viruses showing a lower overall identity (38% and 46%) to them were not enriched but could nonetheless be detected based on capturing conserved genome regions. The internal proficiency test supports the improved virus detection using the combination of HTS plus targeted enrichment but also points to the risk of cross-contamination between samples. Conclusions The VirBaits approach showed a high diagnostic performance, also for distantly related viruses. The bait set is modular and expandable according to the favored diagnostics, health sector, or research question. The risk of cross-contamination needs to be taken into consideration. The application of the RNA-baits principle turned out to be user friendly, and even non-experts can easily use the VirBaits workflow. The rapid extension of the established VirBaits set adapted to actual outbreak events is possible as shown for SARS-CoV-2. Video abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40168-020-00973-z. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7896545/ 649 2049-2618 Microbiome London: BioMed Central
12400 114796 E형 간염 treat Action treat abstract 58919 https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00851-21 Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Triggers Neural Autophagy Independently of ULK1 Zi Li|||Feng Gao|||Yungang Lan|||Jiyu Guan|||Jing Zhang|||Huijun Lu|||Kui Zhao|||Wenqi He 202107 Other Type PMC ABSTRACT Uncoordinated 51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) is a well-characterized initiator of canonical autophagy under basal or pathological conditions. Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), a neurotropic betacoronavirus (β-CoV), impairs ULK1 kinase but hijacks autophagy to facilitate viral proliferation. However, the machinery of PHEV-induced autophagy initiation upon ULK1 kinase deficiency remains unclear. Here, the time course of PHEV infection showed a significant accumulation of autophagosomes (APs) in nerve cells in vivo and in vitro . Utilizing ULK1-knockout neuroblastoma cells, we have identified that ULK1 is not essential for productive AP formation induced by PHEV. In vitro phosphorylation studies discovered that mTORC1-regulated ULK1 activation stalls during PHEV infection, whereas AP biogenesis was controlled by AMPK-driven BECN1 phosphorylation. A lack of BECN1 is sufficient to block LC3 lipidation and disrupt recruitment of the LC3-ATG14 complex. Moreover, BECN1 acts as a bona fide substrate for ULK1-independent neural autophagy, and ectopic expression of BECN1 somewhat enhances PHEV replication. These findings highlight a novel machinery of noncanonical autophagy independent of ULK1 that bypasses the conserved initiation circuit of AMPK-mTORC1-ULK1, providing new insights into the interplay between neurotropic β-CoV and the host. IMPORTANCE The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic alongside the outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) pose Betacoronavirus (β-CoV) as a global public health challenge. Coronaviruses subvert, hijack, or utilize autophagy to promote proliferation, and thus, exploring the cross talk between β-CoV and autophagy is of great significance in confronting future β-CoV outbreaks. Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a highly neurotropic β-CoV that invades the central nervous system (CNS) in pigs, but understanding of the pathogenesis for PHEV-induced neurological dysfunction is yet limited. Here, we discovered a novel regulatory principle of neural autophagy initiation during PHEV infection, where productive autophagosome (AP) biogenesis bypasses the multifaceted regulation of ULK1 kinase. The PHEV-triggered noncanonical autophagy underscores the complex interactions of virus and host and will help in the development of therapeutic strategies targeting noncanonical autophagy to treat β-CoV disease. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8428410/ 81 0022-538X Journal of Virology Washington Dc : American Society For Microbiology.
9779 114796 E형 간염 neurodegenerative disease Disease Neurodegenerative disease author 신경 퇴행성 질환 45974 10.3390/v12101179 Zinc and Copper Ions Differentially Regulate Prion-Like Phase Separation Dynamics of Pan-Virus Nucleocapsid Biomolecular Condensates Anne Monette|||Andrew J. Mouland 202010 Article PMC Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a rapidly growing research focus due to numerous demonstrations that many cellular proteins phase-separate to form biomolecular condensates (BMCs) that nucleate membraneless organelles (MLOs). A growing repertoire of mechanisms supporting BMC formation, composition, dynamics, and functions are becoming elucidated. BMCs are now appreciated as required for several steps of gene regulation, while their deregulation promotes pathological aggregates, such as stress granules (SGs) and insoluble irreversible plaques that are hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Treatment of BMC-related diseases will greatly benefit from identification of therapeutics preventing pathological aggregates while sparing BMCs required for cellular functions. Numerous viruses that block SG assembly also utilize or engineer BMCs for their replication. While BMC formation first depends on prion-like disordered protein domains (PrLDs), metal ion-controlled RNA-binding domains (RBDs) also orchestrate their formation. Virus replication and viral genomic RNA (vRNA) packaging dynamics involving nucleocapsid (NC) proteins and their orthologs rely on Zinc (Zn) availability, while virus morphology and infectivity are negatively influenced by excess Copper (Cu). While virus infections modify physiological metal homeostasis towards an increased copper to zinc ratio (Cu/Zn), how and why they do this remains elusive. Following our recent finding that pan-retroviruses employ Zn for NC-mediated LLPS for virus assembly, we present a pan-virus bioinformatics and literature meta-analysis study identifying metal-based mechanisms linking virus-induced BMCs to neurodegenerative disease processes. We discover that conserved degree and placement of PrLDs juxtaposing metal-regulated RBDs are associated with disease-causing prion-like proteins and are common features of viral proteins responsible for virus capsid assembly and structure. Virus infections both modulate gene expression of metalloproteins and interfere with metal homeostasis, representing an additional virus strategy impeding physiological and cellular antiviral responses. Our analyses reveal that metal-coordinated virus NC protein PrLDs initiate LLPS that nucleate pan-virus assembly and contribute to their persistence as cell-free infectious aerosol droplets. Virus aerosol droplets and insoluble neurological disease aggregates should be eliminated by physiological or environmental metals that outcompete PrLD-bound metals. While environmental metals can control virus spreading via aerosol droplets, therapeutic interference with metals or metalloproteins represent additional attractive avenues against pan-virus infection and virus-exacerbated neurological diseases. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7589941/ 45 1999-4915 Viruses Basel, Switzerland : MDPI.
9782 114796 E형 간염 pan-virus Term pan-virus author 45974 10.3390/v12101179 Zinc and Copper Ions Differentially Regulate Prion-Like Phase Separation Dynamics of Pan-Virus Nucleocapsid Biomolecular Condensates Anne Monette|||Andrew J. Mouland 202010 Article PMC Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a rapidly growing research focus due to numerous demonstrations that many cellular proteins phase-separate to form biomolecular condensates (BMCs) that nucleate membraneless organelles (MLOs). A growing repertoire of mechanisms supporting BMC formation, composition, dynamics, and functions are becoming elucidated. BMCs are now appreciated as required for several steps of gene regulation, while their deregulation promotes pathological aggregates, such as stress granules (SGs) and insoluble irreversible plaques that are hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Treatment of BMC-related diseases will greatly benefit from identification of therapeutics preventing pathological aggregates while sparing BMCs required for cellular functions. Numerous viruses that block SG assembly also utilize or engineer BMCs for their replication. While BMC formation first depends on prion-like disordered protein domains (PrLDs), metal ion-controlled RNA-binding domains (RBDs) also orchestrate their formation. Virus replication and viral genomic RNA (vRNA) packaging dynamics involving nucleocapsid (NC) proteins and their orthologs rely on Zinc (Zn) availability, while virus morphology and infectivity are negatively influenced by excess Copper (Cu). While virus infections modify physiological metal homeostasis towards an increased copper to zinc ratio (Cu/Zn), how and why they do this remains elusive. Following our recent finding that pan-retroviruses employ Zn for NC-mediated LLPS for virus assembly, we present a pan-virus bioinformatics and literature meta-analysis study identifying metal-based mechanisms linking virus-induced BMCs to neurodegenerative disease processes. We discover that conserved degree and placement of PrLDs juxtaposing metal-regulated RBDs are associated with disease-causing prion-like proteins and are common features of viral proteins responsible for virus capsid assembly and structure. Virus infections both modulate gene expression of metalloproteins and interfere with metal homeostasis, representing an additional virus strategy impeding physiological and cellular antiviral responses. Our analyses reveal that metal-coordinated virus NC protein PrLDs initiate LLPS that nucleate pan-virus assembly and contribute to their persistence as cell-free infectious aerosol droplets. Virus aerosol droplets and insoluble neurological disease aggregates should be eliminated by physiological or environmental metals that outcompete PrLD-bound metals. While environmental metals can control virus spreading via aerosol droplets, therapeutic interference with metals or metalloproteins represent additional attractive avenues against pan-virus infection and virus-exacerbated neurological diseases. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7589941/ 45 1999-4915 Viruses Basel, Switzerland : MDPI.
9786 114796 E형 간염 retrovirus Virus retrovirus author 레트로바이러스 45974 10.3390/v12101179 Zinc and Copper Ions Differentially Regulate Prion-Like Phase Separation Dynamics of Pan-Virus Nucleocapsid Biomolecular Condensates Anne Monette|||Andrew J. Mouland 202010 Article PMC Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a rapidly growing research focus due to numerous demonstrations that many cellular proteins phase-separate to form biomolecular condensates (BMCs) that nucleate membraneless organelles (MLOs). A growing repertoire of mechanisms supporting BMC formation, composition, dynamics, and functions are becoming elucidated. BMCs are now appreciated as required for several steps of gene regulation, while their deregulation promotes pathological aggregates, such as stress granules (SGs) and insoluble irreversible plaques that are hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Treatment of BMC-related diseases will greatly benefit from identification of therapeutics preventing pathological aggregates while sparing BMCs required for cellular functions. Numerous viruses that block SG assembly also utilize or engineer BMCs for their replication. While BMC formation first depends on prion-like disordered protein domains (PrLDs), metal ion-controlled RNA-binding domains (RBDs) also orchestrate their formation. Virus replication and viral genomic RNA (vRNA) packaging dynamics involving nucleocapsid (NC) proteins and their orthologs rely on Zinc (Zn) availability, while virus morphology and infectivity are negatively influenced by excess Copper (Cu). While virus infections modify physiological metal homeostasis towards an increased copper to zinc ratio (Cu/Zn), how and why they do this remains elusive. Following our recent finding that pan-retroviruses employ Zn for NC-mediated LLPS for virus assembly, we present a pan-virus bioinformatics and literature meta-analysis study identifying metal-based mechanisms linking virus-induced BMCs to neurodegenerative disease processes. We discover that conserved degree and placement of PrLDs juxtaposing metal-regulated RBDs are associated with disease-causing prion-like proteins and are common features of viral proteins responsible for virus capsid assembly and structure. Virus infections both modulate gene expression of metalloproteins and interfere with metal homeostasis, representing an additional virus strategy impeding physiological and cellular antiviral responses. Our analyses reveal that metal-coordinated virus NC protein PrLDs initiate LLPS that nucleate pan-virus assembly and contribute to their persistence as cell-free infectious aerosol droplets. Virus aerosol droplets and insoluble neurological disease aggregates should be eliminated by physiological or environmental metals that outcompete PrLD-bound metals. While environmental metals can control virus spreading via aerosol droplets, therapeutic interference with metals or metalloproteins represent additional attractive avenues against pan-virus infection and virus-exacerbated neurological diseases. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7589941/ 45 1999-4915 Viruses Basel, Switzerland : MDPI.
9772 114796 E형 간염 biomolecular condensate Term biomolecular condensate author 생체 분자 응축수 45974 10.3390/v12101179 Zinc and Copper Ions Differentially Regulate Prion-Like Phase Separation Dynamics of Pan-Virus Nucleocapsid Biomolecular Condensates Anne Monette|||Andrew J. Mouland 202010 Article PMC Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a rapidly growing research focus due to numerous demonstrations that many cellular proteins phase-separate to form biomolecular condensates (BMCs) that nucleate membraneless organelles (MLOs). A growing repertoire of mechanisms supporting BMC formation, composition, dynamics, and functions are becoming elucidated. BMCs are now appreciated as required for several steps of gene regulation, while their deregulation promotes pathological aggregates, such as stress granules (SGs) and insoluble irreversible plaques that are hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Treatment of BMC-related diseases will greatly benefit from identification of therapeutics preventing pathological aggregates while sparing BMCs required for cellular functions. Numerous viruses that block SG assembly also utilize or engineer BMCs for their replication. While BMC formation first depends on prion-like disordered protein domains (PrLDs), metal ion-controlled RNA-binding domains (RBDs) also orchestrate their formation. Virus replication and viral genomic RNA (vRNA) packaging dynamics involving nucleocapsid (NC) proteins and their orthologs rely on Zinc (Zn) availability, while virus morphology and infectivity are negatively influenced by excess Copper (Cu). While virus infections modify physiological metal homeostasis towards an increased copper to zinc ratio (Cu/Zn), how and why they do this remains elusive. Following our recent finding that pan-retroviruses employ Zn for NC-mediated LLPS for virus assembly, we present a pan-virus bioinformatics and literature meta-analysis study identifying metal-based mechanisms linking virus-induced BMCs to neurodegenerative disease processes. We discover that conserved degree and placement of PrLDs juxtaposing metal-regulated RBDs are associated with disease-causing prion-like proteins and are common features of viral proteins responsible for virus capsid assembly and structure. Virus infections both modulate gene expression of metalloproteins and interfere with metal homeostasis, representing an additional virus strategy impeding physiological and cellular antiviral responses. Our analyses reveal that metal-coordinated virus NC protein PrLDs initiate LLPS that nucleate pan-virus assembly and contribute to their persistence as cell-free infectious aerosol droplets. Virus aerosol droplets and insoluble neurological disease aggregates should be eliminated by physiological or environmental metals that outcompete PrLD-bound metals. While environmental metals can control virus spreading via aerosol droplets, therapeutic interference with metals or metalloproteins represent additional attractive avenues against pan-virus infection and virus-exacerbated neurological diseases. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7589941/ 45 1999-4915 Viruses Basel, Switzerland : MDPI.
12392 114796 E형 간염 recruitment Term recruitment abstract 모집 58919 https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00851-21 Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Triggers Neural Autophagy Independently of ULK1 Zi Li|||Feng Gao|||Yungang Lan|||Jiyu Guan|||Jing Zhang|||Huijun Lu|||Kui Zhao|||Wenqi He 202107 Other Type PMC ABSTRACT Uncoordinated 51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) is a well-characterized initiator of canonical autophagy under basal or pathological conditions. Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), a neurotropic betacoronavirus (β-CoV), impairs ULK1 kinase but hijacks autophagy to facilitate viral proliferation. However, the machinery of PHEV-induced autophagy initiation upon ULK1 kinase deficiency remains unclear. Here, the time course of PHEV infection showed a significant accumulation of autophagosomes (APs) in nerve cells in vivo and in vitro . Utilizing ULK1-knockout neuroblastoma cells, we have identified that ULK1 is not essential for productive AP formation induced by PHEV. In vitro phosphorylation studies discovered that mTORC1-regulated ULK1 activation stalls during PHEV infection, whereas AP biogenesis was controlled by AMPK-driven BECN1 phosphorylation. A lack of BECN1 is sufficient to block LC3 lipidation and disrupt recruitment of the LC3-ATG14 complex. Moreover, BECN1 acts as a bona fide substrate for ULK1-independent neural autophagy, and ectopic expression of BECN1 somewhat enhances PHEV replication. These findings highlight a novel machinery of noncanonical autophagy independent of ULK1 that bypasses the conserved initiation circuit of AMPK-mTORC1-ULK1, providing new insights into the interplay between neurotropic β-CoV and the host. IMPORTANCE The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic alongside the outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) pose Betacoronavirus (β-CoV) as a global public health challenge. Coronaviruses subvert, hijack, or utilize autophagy to promote proliferation, and thus, exploring the cross talk between β-CoV and autophagy is of great significance in confronting future β-CoV outbreaks. Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a highly neurotropic β-CoV that invades the central nervous system (CNS) in pigs, but understanding of the pathogenesis for PHEV-induced neurological dysfunction is yet limited. Here, we discovered a novel regulatory principle of neural autophagy initiation during PHEV infection, where productive autophagosome (AP) biogenesis bypasses the multifaceted regulation of ULK1 kinase. The PHEV-triggered noncanonical autophagy underscores the complex interactions of virus and host and will help in the development of therapeutic strategies targeting noncanonical autophagy to treat β-CoV disease. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8428410/ 81 0022-538X Journal of Virology Washington Dc : American Society For Microbiology.
13978 114796 E형 간염 Covid-19 Disease COVID-19 author 코로나-19 74555 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.591897 As Plain as the Nose on Your Face: The Case for A Nasal (Mucosal) Route of Vaccine Administration for Covid-19 Disease Prevention Craig R. Travis 202009 Immunology PMC https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7561361/ 109 1664-3224 Frontiers in Immunology [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation].
11077 114796 E형 간염 contribute Action contribute abstract 51715 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009596 Extensive C->U transition biases in the genomes of a wide range of mammalian RNA viruses; potential associations with transcriptional mutations, damage- or host-mediated editing of viral RNA Peter Simmonds|||M. Azim Ansari 202106 Research Article PMC The rapid evolution of RNA viruses has been long considered to result from a combination of high copying error frequencies during RNA replication, short generation times and the consequent extensive fixation of neutral or adaptive changes over short periods. While both the identities and sites of mutations are typically modelled as being random, recent investigations of sequence diversity of SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have identified a preponderance of C->U transitions, proposed to be driven by an APOBEC-like RNA editing process. The current study investigated whether this phenomenon could be observed in datasets of other RNA viruses. Using a 5% divergence filter to infer directionality, 18 from 36 datasets of aligned coding region sequences from a diverse range of mammalian RNA viruses (including Picornaviridae , Flaviviridae , Matonaviridae , Caliciviridae and Coronaviridae ) showed a >2-fold base composition normalised excess of C->U transitions compared to U->C (range 2.1x?7.5x), with a consistently observed favoured 5’ U upstream context. The presence of genome scale RNA secondary structure (GORS) was the only other genomic or structural parameter significantly associated with C->U/U->C transition asymmetries by multivariable analysis (ANOVA), potentially reflecting RNA structure dependence of sites targeted for C->U mutations. Using the association index metric, C->U changes were specifically over-represented at phylogenetically uninformative sites, potentially paralleling extensive homoplasy of this transition reported in SARS-CoV-2. Although mechanisms remain to be functionally characterised, excess C->U substitutions accounted for 11?14% of standing sequence variability of structured viruses and may therefore represent a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution. Author summary The rapid evolution of RNA viruses is thought to arise from high mutation frequencies during replication and the rapid accumulation of genetic changes over time in response to its changing environments. This study describes an additional potent factor that contributes to the evolution of RNA viruses infecting mammals, the occurrence of specific C->U mutations in a subset that possess intensely structured genomes. This mutational process substantially damages the virus’s ability to replicate and is potentially akin to “genome editing” of HIV-1 and other retrovirus genome sequences by APOBEC, one of the principal components of vertebrate antiretroviral defence mechanisms. This study however provides evidence for a wider mutational activity against several human and veterinary RNA viruses, including HCV and foot and mouth disease virus. The C->U mutational process accounted for 15?20% of standing sequence variability of these RNA viruses, representing a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8195396/ 62 1553-7366 PLoS Pathogens San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
11090 114796 E형 간염 genome Term genome title,abstract 게놈 51715 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009596 Extensive C->U transition biases in the genomes of a wide range of mammalian RNA viruses; potential associations with transcriptional mutations, damage- or host-mediated editing of viral RNA Peter Simmonds|||M. Azim Ansari 202106 Research Article PMC The rapid evolution of RNA viruses has been long considered to result from a combination of high copying error frequencies during RNA replication, short generation times and the consequent extensive fixation of neutral or adaptive changes over short periods. While both the identities and sites of mutations are typically modelled as being random, recent investigations of sequence diversity of SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have identified a preponderance of C->U transitions, proposed to be driven by an APOBEC-like RNA editing process. The current study investigated whether this phenomenon could be observed in datasets of other RNA viruses. Using a 5% divergence filter to infer directionality, 18 from 36 datasets of aligned coding region sequences from a diverse range of mammalian RNA viruses (including Picornaviridae , Flaviviridae , Matonaviridae , Caliciviridae and Coronaviridae ) showed a >2-fold base composition normalised excess of C->U transitions compared to U->C (range 2.1x?7.5x), with a consistently observed favoured 5’ U upstream context. The presence of genome scale RNA secondary structure (GORS) was the only other genomic or structural parameter significantly associated with C->U/U->C transition asymmetries by multivariable analysis (ANOVA), potentially reflecting RNA structure dependence of sites targeted for C->U mutations. Using the association index metric, C->U changes were specifically over-represented at phylogenetically uninformative sites, potentially paralleling extensive homoplasy of this transition reported in SARS-CoV-2. Although mechanisms remain to be functionally characterised, excess C->U substitutions accounted for 11?14% of standing sequence variability of structured viruses and may therefore represent a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution. Author summary The rapid evolution of RNA viruses is thought to arise from high mutation frequencies during replication and the rapid accumulation of genetic changes over time in response to its changing environments. This study describes an additional potent factor that contributes to the evolution of RNA viruses infecting mammals, the occurrence of specific C->U mutations in a subset that possess intensely structured genomes. This mutational process substantially damages the virus’s ability to replicate and is potentially akin to “genome editing” of HIV-1 and other retrovirus genome sequences by APOBEC, one of the principal components of vertebrate antiretroviral defence mechanisms. This study however provides evidence for a wider mutational activity against several human and veterinary RNA viruses, including HCV and foot and mouth disease virus. The C->U mutational process accounted for 15?20% of standing sequence variability of these RNA viruses, representing a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8195396/ 62 1553-7366 PLoS Pathogens San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
11081 114796 E형 간염 driven by Action driven by abstract 51715 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009596 Extensive C->U transition biases in the genomes of a wide range of mammalian RNA viruses; potential associations with transcriptional mutations, damage- or host-mediated editing of viral RNA Peter Simmonds|||M. Azim Ansari 202106 Research Article PMC The rapid evolution of RNA viruses has been long considered to result from a combination of high copying error frequencies during RNA replication, short generation times and the consequent extensive fixation of neutral or adaptive changes over short periods. While both the identities and sites of mutations are typically modelled as being random, recent investigations of sequence diversity of SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have identified a preponderance of C->U transitions, proposed to be driven by an APOBEC-like RNA editing process. The current study investigated whether this phenomenon could be observed in datasets of other RNA viruses. Using a 5% divergence filter to infer directionality, 18 from 36 datasets of aligned coding region sequences from a diverse range of mammalian RNA viruses (including Picornaviridae , Flaviviridae , Matonaviridae , Caliciviridae and Coronaviridae ) showed a >2-fold base composition normalised excess of C->U transitions compared to U->C (range 2.1x?7.5x), with a consistently observed favoured 5’ U upstream context. The presence of genome scale RNA secondary structure (GORS) was the only other genomic or structural parameter significantly associated with C->U/U->C transition asymmetries by multivariable analysis (ANOVA), potentially reflecting RNA structure dependence of sites targeted for C->U mutations. Using the association index metric, C->U changes were specifically over-represented at phylogenetically uninformative sites, potentially paralleling extensive homoplasy of this transition reported in SARS-CoV-2. Although mechanisms remain to be functionally characterised, excess C->U substitutions accounted for 11?14% of standing sequence variability of structured viruses and may therefore represent a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution. Author summary The rapid evolution of RNA viruses is thought to arise from high mutation frequencies during replication and the rapid accumulation of genetic changes over time in response to its changing environments. This study describes an additional potent factor that contributes to the evolution of RNA viruses infecting mammals, the occurrence of specific C->U mutations in a subset that possess intensely structured genomes. This mutational process substantially damages the virus’s ability to replicate and is potentially akin to “genome editing” of HIV-1 and other retrovirus genome sequences by APOBEC, one of the principal components of vertebrate antiretroviral defence mechanisms. This study however provides evidence for a wider mutational activity against several human and veterinary RNA viruses, including HCV and foot and mouth disease virus. The C->U mutational process accounted for 15?20% of standing sequence variability of these RNA viruses, representing a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8195396/ 62 1553-7366 PLoS Pathogens San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
11082 114796 E형 간염 evidence Term evidence abstract 증거 51715 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009596 Extensive C->U transition biases in the genomes of a wide range of mammalian RNA viruses; potential associations with transcriptional mutations, damage- or host-mediated editing of viral RNA Peter Simmonds|||M. Azim Ansari 202106 Research Article PMC The rapid evolution of RNA viruses has been long considered to result from a combination of high copying error frequencies during RNA replication, short generation times and the consequent extensive fixation of neutral or adaptive changes over short periods. While both the identities and sites of mutations are typically modelled as being random, recent investigations of sequence diversity of SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have identified a preponderance of C->U transitions, proposed to be driven by an APOBEC-like RNA editing process. The current study investigated whether this phenomenon could be observed in datasets of other RNA viruses. Using a 5% divergence filter to infer directionality, 18 from 36 datasets of aligned coding region sequences from a diverse range of mammalian RNA viruses (including Picornaviridae , Flaviviridae , Matonaviridae , Caliciviridae and Coronaviridae ) showed a >2-fold base composition normalised excess of C->U transitions compared to U->C (range 2.1x?7.5x), with a consistently observed favoured 5’ U upstream context. The presence of genome scale RNA secondary structure (GORS) was the only other genomic or structural parameter significantly associated with C->U/U->C transition asymmetries by multivariable analysis (ANOVA), potentially reflecting RNA structure dependence of sites targeted for C->U mutations. Using the association index metric, C->U changes were specifically over-represented at phylogenetically uninformative sites, potentially paralleling extensive homoplasy of this transition reported in SARS-CoV-2. Although mechanisms remain to be functionally characterised, excess C->U substitutions accounted for 11?14% of standing sequence variability of structured viruses and may therefore represent a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution. Author summary The rapid evolution of RNA viruses is thought to arise from high mutation frequencies during replication and the rapid accumulation of genetic changes over time in response to its changing environments. This study describes an additional potent factor that contributes to the evolution of RNA viruses infecting mammals, the occurrence of specific C->U mutations in a subset that possess intensely structured genomes. This mutational process substantially damages the virus’s ability to replicate and is potentially akin to “genome editing” of HIV-1 and other retrovirus genome sequences by APOBEC, one of the principal components of vertebrate antiretroviral defence mechanisms. This study however provides evidence for a wider mutational activity against several human and veterinary RNA viruses, including HCV and foot and mouth disease virus. The C->U mutational process accounted for 15?20% of standing sequence variability of these RNA viruses, representing a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8195396/ 62 1553-7366 PLoS Pathogens San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
11084 114796 E형 간염 Extensive Term Extensive title 51715 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009596 Extensive C->U transition biases in the genomes of a wide range of mammalian RNA viruses; potential associations with transcriptional mutations, damage- or host-mediated editing of viral RNA Peter Simmonds|||M. Azim Ansari 202106 Research Article PMC The rapid evolution of RNA viruses has been long considered to result from a combination of high copying error frequencies during RNA replication, short generation times and the consequent extensive fixation of neutral or adaptive changes over short periods. While both the identities and sites of mutations are typically modelled as being random, recent investigations of sequence diversity of SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have identified a preponderance of C->U transitions, proposed to be driven by an APOBEC-like RNA editing process. The current study investigated whether this phenomenon could be observed in datasets of other RNA viruses. Using a 5% divergence filter to infer directionality, 18 from 36 datasets of aligned coding region sequences from a diverse range of mammalian RNA viruses (including Picornaviridae , Flaviviridae , Matonaviridae , Caliciviridae and Coronaviridae ) showed a >2-fold base composition normalised excess of C->U transitions compared to U->C (range 2.1x?7.5x), with a consistently observed favoured 5’ U upstream context. The presence of genome scale RNA secondary structure (GORS) was the only other genomic or structural parameter significantly associated with C->U/U->C transition asymmetries by multivariable analysis (ANOVA), potentially reflecting RNA structure dependence of sites targeted for C->U mutations. Using the association index metric, C->U changes were specifically over-represented at phylogenetically uninformative sites, potentially paralleling extensive homoplasy of this transition reported in SARS-CoV-2. Although mechanisms remain to be functionally characterised, excess C->U substitutions accounted for 11?14% of standing sequence variability of structured viruses and may therefore represent a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution. Author summary The rapid evolution of RNA viruses is thought to arise from high mutation frequencies during replication and the rapid accumulation of genetic changes over time in response to its changing environments. This study describes an additional potent factor that contributes to the evolution of RNA viruses infecting mammals, the occurrence of specific C->U mutations in a subset that possess intensely structured genomes. This mutational process substantially damages the virus’s ability to replicate and is potentially akin to “genome editing” of HIV-1 and other retrovirus genome sequences by APOBEC, one of the principal components of vertebrate antiretroviral defence mechanisms. This study however provides evidence for a wider mutational activity against several human and veterinary RNA viruses, including HCV and foot and mouth disease virus. The C->U mutational process accounted for 15?20% of standing sequence variability of these RNA viruses, representing a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8195396/ 62 1553-7366 PLoS Pathogens San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
11086 114796 E형 간염 Flaviviridae Term Flaviviridae abstract 51715 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009596 Extensive C->U transition biases in the genomes of a wide range of mammalian RNA viruses; potential associations with transcriptional mutations, damage- or host-mediated editing of viral RNA Peter Simmonds|||M. Azim Ansari 202106 Research Article PMC The rapid evolution of RNA viruses has been long considered to result from a combination of high copying error frequencies during RNA replication, short generation times and the consequent extensive fixation of neutral or adaptive changes over short periods. While both the identities and sites of mutations are typically modelled as being random, recent investigations of sequence diversity of SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have identified a preponderance of C->U transitions, proposed to be driven by an APOBEC-like RNA editing process. The current study investigated whether this phenomenon could be observed in datasets of other RNA viruses. Using a 5% divergence filter to infer directionality, 18 from 36 datasets of aligned coding region sequences from a diverse range of mammalian RNA viruses (including Picornaviridae , Flaviviridae , Matonaviridae , Caliciviridae and Coronaviridae ) showed a >2-fold base composition normalised excess of C->U transitions compared to U->C (range 2.1x?7.5x), with a consistently observed favoured 5’ U upstream context. The presence of genome scale RNA secondary structure (GORS) was the only other genomic or structural parameter significantly associated with C->U/U->C transition asymmetries by multivariable analysis (ANOVA), potentially reflecting RNA structure dependence of sites targeted for C->U mutations. Using the association index metric, C->U changes were specifically over-represented at phylogenetically uninformative sites, potentially paralleling extensive homoplasy of this transition reported in SARS-CoV-2. Although mechanisms remain to be functionally characterised, excess C->U substitutions accounted for 11?14% of standing sequence variability of structured viruses and may therefore represent a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution. Author summary The rapid evolution of RNA viruses is thought to arise from high mutation frequencies during replication and the rapid accumulation of genetic changes over time in response to its changing environments. This study describes an additional potent factor that contributes to the evolution of RNA viruses infecting mammals, the occurrence of specific C->U mutations in a subset that possess intensely structured genomes. This mutational process substantially damages the virus’s ability to replicate and is potentially akin to “genome editing” of HIV-1 and other retrovirus genome sequences by APOBEC, one of the principal components of vertebrate antiretroviral defence mechanisms. This study however provides evidence for a wider mutational activity against several human and veterinary RNA viruses, including HCV and foot and mouth disease virus. The C->U mutational process accounted for 15?20% of standing sequence variability of these RNA viruses, representing a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8195396/ 62 1553-7366 PLoS Pathogens San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
11089 114796 E형 간염 genetic change Term genetic change abstract 51715 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009596 Extensive C->U transition biases in the genomes of a wide range of mammalian RNA viruses; potential associations with transcriptional mutations, damage- or host-mediated editing of viral RNA Peter Simmonds|||M. Azim Ansari 202106 Research Article PMC The rapid evolution of RNA viruses has been long considered to result from a combination of high copying error frequencies during RNA replication, short generation times and the consequent extensive fixation of neutral or adaptive changes over short periods. While both the identities and sites of mutations are typically modelled as being random, recent investigations of sequence diversity of SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have identified a preponderance of C->U transitions, proposed to be driven by an APOBEC-like RNA editing process. The current study investigated whether this phenomenon could be observed in datasets of other RNA viruses. Using a 5% divergence filter to infer directionality, 18 from 36 datasets of aligned coding region sequences from a diverse range of mammalian RNA viruses (including Picornaviridae , Flaviviridae , Matonaviridae , Caliciviridae and Coronaviridae ) showed a >2-fold base composition normalised excess of C->U transitions compared to U->C (range 2.1x?7.5x), with a consistently observed favoured 5’ U upstream context. The presence of genome scale RNA secondary structure (GORS) was the only other genomic or structural parameter significantly associated with C->U/U->C transition asymmetries by multivariable analysis (ANOVA), potentially reflecting RNA structure dependence of sites targeted for C->U mutations. Using the association index metric, C->U changes were specifically over-represented at phylogenetically uninformative sites, potentially paralleling extensive homoplasy of this transition reported in SARS-CoV-2. Although mechanisms remain to be functionally characterised, excess C->U substitutions accounted for 11?14% of standing sequence variability of structured viruses and may therefore represent a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution. Author summary The rapid evolution of RNA viruses is thought to arise from high mutation frequencies during replication and the rapid accumulation of genetic changes over time in response to its changing environments. This study describes an additional potent factor that contributes to the evolution of RNA viruses infecting mammals, the occurrence of specific C->U mutations in a subset that possess intensely structured genomes. This mutational process substantially damages the virus’s ability to replicate and is potentially akin to “genome editing” of HIV-1 and other retrovirus genome sequences by APOBEC, one of the principal components of vertebrate antiretroviral defence mechanisms. This study however provides evidence for a wider mutational activity against several human and veterinary RNA viruses, including HCV and foot and mouth disease virus. The C->U mutational process accounted for 15?20% of standing sequence variability of these RNA viruses, representing a potent driver of their sequence diversification and longer-term evolution. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8195396/ 62 1553-7366 PLoS Pathogens San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
11629 114796 E형 간염 HTS Term HTS abstract 53842 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-00973-z Next-generation diagnostics: virus capture facilitates a sensitive viral diagnosis for epizootic and zoonotic pathogens including SARS-CoV-2 Claudia Wylezich|||Sten Calvelage|||Kore Schlottau|||Ute Ziegler|||Anne Pohlmann|||Dirk H?per|||Martin Beer 202102 Methodology PMC Background The detection of pathogens in clinical and environmental samples using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) is often hampered by large amounts of background information, which is especially true for viruses with small genomes. Enormous sequencing depth can be necessary to compile sufficient information for identification of a certain pathogen. Generic HTS combining with in-solution capture enrichment can markedly increase the sensitivity for virus detection in complex diagnostic samples. Methods A virus panel based on the principle of biotinylated RNA baits was developed for specific capture enrichment of epizootic and zoonotic viruses (VirBaits). The VirBaits set was supplemented by a SARS-CoV-2 predesigned bait set for testing recent SARS-CoV-2-positive samples. Libraries generated from complex samples were sequenced via generic HTS (without enrichment) and afterwards enriched with the VirBaits set. For validation, an internal proficiency test for emerging epizootic and zoonotic viruses (African swine fever virus, Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus, Nipah henipavirus, Rift Valley fever virus) was conducted. Results The VirBaits set consists of 177,471 RNA baits (80-mer) based on about 18,800 complete viral genomes targeting 35 epizootic and zoonotic viruses. In all tested samples, viruses with both DNA and RNA genomes were clearly enriched ranging from about 10-fold to 10,000-fold for viruses including distantly related viruses with at least 72% overall identity to viruses represented in the bait set. Viruses showing a lower overall identity (38% and 46%) to them were not enriched but could nonetheless be detected based on capturing conserved genome regions. The internal proficiency test supports the improved virus detection using the combination of HTS plus targeted enrichment but also points to the risk of cross-contamination between samples. Conclusions The VirBaits approach showed a high diagnostic performance, also for distantly related viruses. The bait set is modular and expandable according to the favored diagnostics, health sector, or research question. The risk of cross-contamination needs to be taken into consideration. The application of the RNA-baits principle turned out to be user friendly, and even non-experts can easily use the VirBaits workflow. The rapid extension of the established VirBaits set adapted to actual outbreak events is possible as shown for SARS-CoV-2. Video abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40168-020-00973-z. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7896545/ 649 2049-2618 Microbiome London: BioMed Central
11639 114796 E형 간염 conserved Term conserved abstract 53842 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-00973-z Next-generation diagnostics: virus capture facilitates a sensitive viral diagnosis for epizootic and zoonotic pathogens including SARS-CoV-2 Claudia Wylezich|||Sten Calvelage|||Kore Schlottau|||Ute Ziegler|||Anne Pohlmann|||Dirk H?per|||Martin Beer 202102 Methodology PMC Background The detection of pathogens in clinical and environmental samples using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) is often hampered by large amounts of background information, which is especially true for viruses with small genomes. Enormous sequencing depth can be necessary to compile sufficient information for identification of a certain pathogen. Generic HTS combining with in-solution capture enrichment can markedly increase the sensitivity for virus detection in complex diagnostic samples. Methods A virus panel based on the principle of biotinylated RNA baits was developed for specific capture enrichment of epizootic and zoonotic viruses (VirBaits). The VirBaits set was supplemented by a SARS-CoV-2 predesigned bait set for testing recent SARS-CoV-2-positive samples. Libraries generated from complex samples were sequenced via generic HTS (without enrichment) and afterwards enriched with the VirBaits set. For validation, an internal proficiency test for emerging epizootic and zoonotic viruses (African swine fever virus, Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus, Nipah henipavirus, Rift Valley fever virus) was conducted. Results The VirBaits set consists of 177,471 RNA baits (80-mer) based on about 18,800 complete viral genomes targeting 35 epizootic and zoonotic viruses. In all tested samples, viruses with both DNA and RNA genomes were clearly enriched ranging from about 10-fold to 10,000-fold for viruses including distantly related viruses with at least 72% overall identity to viruses represented in the bait set. Viruses showing a lower overall identity (38% and 46%) to them were not enriched but could nonetheless be detected based on capturing conserved genome regions. The internal proficiency test supports the improved virus detection using the combination of HTS plus targeted enrichment but also points to the risk of cross-contamination between samples. Conclusions The VirBaits approach showed a high diagnostic performance, also for distantly related viruses. The bait set is modular and expandable according to the favored diagnostics, health sector, or research question. The risk of cross-contamination needs to be taken into consideration. The application of the RNA-baits principle turned out to be user friendly, and even non-experts can easily use the VirBaits workflow. The rapid extension of the established VirBaits set adapted to actual outbreak events is possible as shown for SARS-CoV-2. Video abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40168-020-00973-z. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7896545/ 649 2049-2618 Microbiome London: BioMed Central
11645 114796 E형 간염 DNA and RNA Molecule DNA and RNA abstract 53842 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-00973-z Next-generation diagnostics: virus capture facilitates a sensitive viral diagnosis for epizootic and zoonotic pathogens including SARS-CoV-2 Claudia Wylezich|||Sten Calvelage|||Kore Schlottau|||Ute Ziegler|||Anne Pohlmann|||Dirk H?per|||Martin Beer 202102 Methodology PMC Background The detection of pathogens in clinical and environmental samples using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) is often hampered by large amounts of background information, which is especially true for viruses with small genomes. Enormous sequencing depth can be necessary to compile sufficient information for identification of a certain pathogen. Generic HTS combining with in-solution capture enrichment can markedly increase the sensitivity for virus detection in complex diagnostic samples. Methods A virus panel based on the principle of biotinylated RNA baits was developed for specific capture enrichment of epizootic and zoonotic viruses (VirBaits). The VirBaits set was supplemented by a SARS-CoV-2 predesigned bait set for testing recent SARS-CoV-2-positive samples. Libraries generated from complex samples were sequenced via generic HTS (without enrichment) and afterwards enriched with the VirBaits set. For validation, an internal proficiency test for emerging epizootic and zoonotic viruses (African swine fever virus, Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus, Nipah henipavirus, Rift Valley fever virus) was conducted. Results The VirBaits set consists of 177,471 RNA baits (80-mer) based on about 18,800 complete viral genomes targeting 35 epizootic and zoonotic viruses. In all tested samples, viruses with both DNA and RNA genomes were clearly enriched ranging from about 10-fold to 10,000-fold for viruses including distantly related viruses with at least 72% overall identity to viruses represented in the bait set. Viruses showing a lower overall identity (38% and 46%) to them were not enriched but could nonetheless be detected based on capturing conserved genome regions. The internal proficiency test supports the improved virus detection using the combination of HTS plus targeted enrichment but also points to the risk of cross-contamination between samples. Conclusions The VirBaits approach showed a high diagnostic performance, also for distantly related viruses. The bait set is modular and expandable according to the favored diagnostics, health sector, or research question. The risk of cross-contamination needs to be taken into consideration. The application of the RNA-baits principle turned out to be user friendly, and even non-experts can easily use the VirBaits workflow. The rapid extension of the established VirBaits set adapted to actual outbreak events is possible as shown for SARS-CoV-2. Video abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40168-020-00973-z. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7896545/ 649 2049-2618 Microbiome London: BioMed Central
11647 114796 E형 간염 environmental sample Term environmental sample abstract 53842 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-00973-z Next-generation diagnostics: virus capture facilitates a sensitive viral diagnosis for epizootic and zoonotic pathogens including SARS-CoV-2 Claudia Wylezich|||Sten Calvelage|||Kore Schlottau|||Ute Ziegler|||Anne Pohlmann|||Dirk H?per|||Martin Beer 202102 Methodology PMC Background The detection of pathogens in clinical and environmental samples using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) is often hampered by large amounts of background information, which is especially true for viruses with small genomes. Enormous sequencing depth can be necessary to compile sufficient information for identification of a certain pathogen. Generic HTS combining with in-solution capture enrichment can markedly increase the sensitivity for virus detection in complex diagnostic samples. Methods A virus panel based on the principle of biotinylated RNA baits was developed for specific capture enrichment of epizootic and zoonotic viruses (VirBaits). The VirBaits set was supplemented by a SARS-CoV-2 predesigned bait set for testing recent SARS-CoV-2-positive samples. Libraries generated from complex samples were sequenced via generic HTS (without enrichment) and afterwards enriched with the VirBaits set. For validation, an internal proficiency test for emerging epizootic and zoonotic viruses (African swine fever virus, Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus, Nipah henipavirus, Rift Valley fever virus) was conducted. Results The VirBaits set consists of 177,471 RNA baits (80-mer) based on about 18,800 complete viral genomes targeting 35 epizootic and zoonotic viruses. In all tested samples, viruses with both DNA and RNA genomes were clearly enriched ranging from about 10-fold to 10,000-fold for viruses including distantly related viruses with at least 72% overall identity to viruses represented in the bait set. Viruses showing a lower overall identity (38% and 46%) to them were not enriched but could nonetheless be detected based on capturing conserved genome regions. The internal proficiency test supports the improved virus detection using the combination of HTS plus targeted enrichment but also points to the risk of cross-contamination between samples. Conclusions The VirBaits approach showed a high diagnostic performance, also for distantly related viruses. The bait set is modular and expandable according to the favored diagnostics, health sector, or research question. The risk of cross-contamination needs to be taken into consideration. The application of the RNA-baits principle turned out to be user friendly, and even non-experts can easily use the VirBaits workflow. The rapid extension of the established VirBaits set adapted to actual outbreak events is possible as shown for SARS-CoV-2. Video abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40168-020-00973-z. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7896545/ 649 2049-2618 Microbiome London: BioMed Central
13982 114796 E형 간염 mucosal Organ mucosal author 점막의 74555 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.591897 As Plain as the Nose on Your Face: The Case for A Nasal (Mucosal) Route of Vaccine Administration for Covid-19 Disease Prevention Craig R. Travis 202009 Immunology PMC https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7561361/ 109 1664-3224 Frontiers in Immunology [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation].
13983 114796 E형 간염 Nose Term Nose title 74555 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.591897 As Plain as the Nose on Your Face: The Case for A Nasal (Mucosal) Route of Vaccine Administration for Covid-19 Disease Prevention Craig R. Travis 202009 Immunology PMC https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7561361/ 109 1664-3224 Frontiers in Immunology [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation].
12677 114796 E형 간염 promote Action promote abstract 62243 https://doi.org/10.2196/30715 Exploring the Expression Differences Between Professionals and Laypeople Toward the COVID-19 Vaccine: Text Mining Approach Chen Luo|||Kaiyuan Ji|||Yulong Tang|||Zhiyuan Du 202108 Original Paper PMC Background COVID-19 is still rampant all over the world. Until now, the COVID-19 vaccine is the most promising measure to subdue contagion and achieve herd immunity. However, public vaccination intention is suboptimal. A clear division lies between medical professionals and laypeople. While most professionals eagerly promote the vaccination campaign, some laypeople exude suspicion, hesitancy, and even opposition toward COVID-19 vaccines. Objective This study aims to employ a text mining approach to examine expression differences and thematic disparities between the professionals and laypeople within the COVID-19 vaccine context. Methods We collected 3196 answers under 65 filtered questions concerning the COVID-19 vaccine from the China-based question and answer forum Zhihu. The questions were classified into 5 categories depending on their contents and description: adverse reactions, vaccination, vaccine effectiveness, social implications of vaccine, and vaccine development. Respondents were also manually coded into two groups: professional and laypeople. Automated text analysis was performed to calculate fundamental expression characteristics of the 2 groups, including answer length, attitude distribution, and high-frequency words. Furthermore, structural topic modeling (STM), as a cutting-edge branch in the topic modeling family, was used to extract topics under each question category, and thematic disparities were evaluated between the 2 groups. Results Laypeople are more prevailing in the COVID-19 vaccine?related discussion. Regarding differences in expression characteristics, the professionals posted longer answers and showed a conservative stance toward vaccine effectiveness than did laypeople. Laypeople mentioned countries more frequently, while professionals were inclined to raise medical jargon. STM discloses prominent topics under each question category. Statistical analysis revealed that laypeople preferred the “safety of Chinese-made vaccine” topic and other vaccine-related issues in other countries. However, the professionals paid more attention to medical principles and professional standards underlying the COVID-19 vaccine. With respect to topics associated with the social implications of vaccines, the 2 groups showed no significant difference. Conclusions Our findings indicate that laypeople and professionals share some common grounds but also hold divergent focuses toward the COVID-19 vaccine issue. These incongruities can be summarized as “qualitatively different” in perspective rather than “quantitatively different” in scientific knowledge. Among those questions closely associated with medical expertise, the “qualitatively different” characteristic is quite conspicuous. This study boosts the current understanding of how the public perceives the COVID-19 vaccine, in a more nuanced way. Web-based question and answer forums are a bonanza for examining perception discrepancies among various identities. STM further exhibits unique strengths over the traditional topic modeling method in statistically testing the topic preference of diverse groups. Public health practitioners should be keenly aware of the cognitive differences between professionals and laypeople, and pay special attention to the topics with significant inconsistency across groups to build consensus and promote vaccination effectively. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8404777/ 88 1439-4456 Journal of Medical Internet Research Toronto : JMIR Publications.
12717 114796 E형 간염 principle Term principle abstract 원칙 62243 https://doi.org/10.2196/30715 Exploring the Expression Differences Between Professionals and Laypeople Toward the COVID-19 Vaccine: Text Mining Approach Chen Luo|||Kaiyuan Ji|||Yulong Tang|||Zhiyuan Du 202108 Original Paper PMC Background COVID-19 is still rampant all over the world. Until now, the COVID-19 vaccine is the most promising measure to subdue contagion and achieve herd immunity. However, public vaccination intention is suboptimal. A clear division lies between medical professionals and laypeople. While most professionals eagerly promote the vaccination campaign, some laypeople exude suspicion, hesitancy, and even opposition toward COVID-19 vaccines. Objective This study aims to employ a text mining approach to examine expression differences and thematic disparities between the professionals and laypeople within the COVID-19 vaccine context. Methods We collected 3196 answers under 65 filtered questions concerning the COVID-19 vaccine from the China-based question and answer forum Zhihu. The questions were classified into 5 categories depending on their contents and description: adverse reactions, vaccination, vaccine effectiveness, social implications of vaccine, and vaccine development. Respondents were also manually coded into two groups: professional and laypeople. Automated text analysis was performed to calculate fundamental expression characteristics of the 2 groups, including answer length, attitude distribution, and high-frequency words. Furthermore, structural topic modeling (STM), as a cutting-edge branch in the topic modeling family, was used to extract topics under each question category, and thematic disparities were evaluated between the 2 groups. Results Laypeople are more prevailing in the COVID-19 vaccine?related discussion. Regarding differences in expression characteristics, the professionals posted longer answers and showed a conservative stance toward vaccine effectiveness than did laypeople. Laypeople mentioned countries more frequently, while professionals were inclined to raise medical jargon. STM discloses prominent topics under each question category. Statistical analysis revealed that laypeople preferred the “safety of Chinese-made vaccine” topic and other vaccine-related issues in other countries. However, the professionals paid more attention to medical principles and professional standards underlying the COVID-19 vaccine. With respect to topics associated with the social implications of vaccines, the 2 groups showed no significant difference. Conclusions Our findings indicate that laypeople and professionals share some common grounds but also hold divergent focuses toward the COVID-19 vaccine issue. These incongruities can be summarized as “qualitatively different” in perspective rather than “quantitatively different” in scientific knowledge. Among those questions closely associated with medical expertise, the “qualitatively different” characteristic is quite conspicuous. This study boosts the current understanding of how the public perceives the COVID-19 vaccine, in a more nuanced way. Web-based question and answer forums are a bonanza for examining perception discrepancies among various identities. STM further exhibits unique strengths over the traditional topic modeling method in statistically testing the topic preference of diverse groups. Public health practitioners should be keenly aware of the cognitive differences between professionals and laypeople, and pay special attention to the topics with significant inconsistency across groups to build consensus and promote vaccination effectively. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8404777/ 88 1439-4456 Journal of Medical Internet Research Toronto : JMIR Publications.
12720 114796 E형 간염 question Term question abstract 문제 62243 https://doi.org/10.2196/30715 Exploring the Expression Differences Between Professionals and Laypeople Toward the COVID-19 Vaccine: Text Mining Approach Chen Luo|||Kaiyuan Ji|||Yulong Tang|||Zhiyuan Du 202108 Original Paper PMC Background COVID-19 is still rampant all over the world. Until now, the COVID-19 vaccine is the most promising measure to subdue contagion and achieve herd immunity. However, public vaccination intention is suboptimal. A clear division lies between medical professionals and laypeople. While most professionals eagerly promote the vaccination campaign, some laypeople exude suspicion, hesitancy, and even opposition toward COVID-19 vaccines. Objective This study aims to employ a text mining approach to examine expression differences and thematic disparities between the professionals and laypeople within the COVID-19 vaccine context. Methods We collected 3196 answers under 65 filtered questions concerning the COVID-19 vaccine from the China-based question and answer forum Zhihu. The questions were classified into 5 categories depending on their contents and description: adverse reactions, vaccination, vaccine effectiveness, social implications of vaccine, and vaccine development. Respondents were also manually coded into two groups: professional and laypeople. Automated text analysis was performed to calculate fundamental expression characteristics of the 2 groups, including answer length, attitude distribution, and high-frequency words. Furthermore, structural topic modeling (STM), as a cutting-edge branch in the topic modeling family, was used to extract topics under each question category, and thematic disparities were evaluated between the 2 groups. Results Laypeople are more prevailing in the COVID-19 vaccine?related discussion. Regarding differences in expression characteristics, the professionals posted longer answers and showed a conservative stance toward vaccine effectiveness than did laypeople. Laypeople mentioned countries more frequently, while professionals were inclined to raise medical jargon. STM discloses prominent topics under each question category. Statistical analysis revealed that laypeople preferred the “safety of Chinese-made vaccine” topic and other vaccine-related issues in other countries. However, the professionals paid more attention to medical principles and professional standards underlying the COVID-19 vaccine. With respect to topics associated with the social implications of vaccines, the 2 groups showed no significant difference. Conclusions Our findings indicate that laypeople and professionals share some common grounds but also hold divergent focuses toward the COVID-19 vaccine issue. These incongruities can be summarized as “qualitatively different” in perspective rather than “quantitatively different” in scientific knowledge. Among those questions closely associated with medical expertise, the “qualitatively different” characteristic is quite conspicuous. This study boosts the current understanding of how the public perceives the COVID-19 vaccine, in a more nuanced way. Web-based question and answer forums are a bonanza for examining perception discrepancies among various identities. STM further exhibits unique strengths over the traditional topic modeling method in statistically testing the topic preference of diverse groups. Public health practitioners should be keenly aware of the cognitive differences between professionals and laypeople, and pay special attention to the topics with significant inconsistency across groups to build consensus and promote vaccination effectively. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8404777/ 88 1439-4456 Journal of Medical Internet Research Toronto : JMIR Publications.
13696 114796 E형 간염 evidence of Term Evidence of title 74340 10.2217/fvl-2020-0065 COVID-19 and coronaviral hepatitis: evidence of collateral damage Mohammad K Parvez 202006 Commentary PMC https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7291768/ 3846 1746-0794 Future Virology
16201 114796 E형 간염 the patient Patient patient abstract 환자 79681 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-020-01952-5 Disseminated inflammation of the central nervous system associated with acute hepatitis E: a case report Jan Rahmig|||Arne Grey|||Marco Berning|||Jochen Schaefer|||Martin Lesser|||Heinz Reichmann|||Volker Puetz|||Kristian Barlinn|||Timo Siepmann 202010 Case Report PMC Background Hepatitis E infection affects over 20 million people worldwide. Reports of neurological manifestations are largely limited to the peripheral nervous system. We report a middle-aged genotype 3c male patient with acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and severe neurological deficits with evidence of multiple disseminated inflammatory lesions of the central nervous system. Case presentation A 42-year-old male patient presented to our emergency department with musculoskeletal weakness, bladder and bowel retention, blurred vision and ascending hypoesthesia up to the level of T8. Serology showed elevated liver enzymes and positive IgM-titers of hepatitis E. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed mild pleocytosis and normal levels of glucose, lactate and protein. HEV-RNA-copies were detected in the CSF and stool. Within 3 days after admission the patient became paraplegic, had complete visual loss and absent pupillary reflexes. MRI showed inflammatory demyelination of the optic nerve sheaths, multiple subcortical brain regions and the spinal cord. Electrophysiology revealed axonal damage of the peroneal nerve on both sides with absent F-waves. Treatment was performed with methylprednisolone, two cycles of plasma exchange (PLEX), one cycle of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) and ribavirin which was used off-label. Liver enzymes normalized after 1 week and serology was negative for HEV-RNA after 3 weeks. Follow-up MRI showed progressive demyelination and new leptomeningeal enhancement at the thoracic spine and cauda equina 4 weeks after admission. Four months later, after rehabilitation was completed, repeated MRI showed gliotic transformation of the spinal cord without signs of an active inflammation. Treatment with rituximab was initiated. The patient remained paraplegic and hypoesthesia had ascended up to T5. Nevertheless, he regained full vision. Conclusions Our case indicates a possible association of acute HEV infection with widespread disseminated central nervous system inflammation. Up to now, no specific drugs have been approved for the treatment of acute HEV infection. We treated our patient off-label with ribavirin and escalated immunomodulatory therapy considering clinical progression and the possibility of an autoimmune response targeting nerve cell structures. While response to treatment was rather limited in our case, detection of HEV in patients with acute neurological deficits might help optimize individual treatment strategies. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7590485/ 446 1471-2377 BMC Neurology London : BioMed Central
13720 114796 E형 간염 artery Organ artery abstract 동맥 74478 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572567 Innate Immune Responses to Acute Viral Infection During Pregnancy Emily F. Cornish|||Iva Filipovic|||Fredrika ?senius|||David J. Williams|||Thomas McDonnell 202009 Immunology PMC Immunological adaptations in pregnancy allow maternal tolerance of the semi-allogeneic fetus but also increase maternal susceptibility to infection. At implantation, the endometrial stroma, glands, arteries and immune cells undergo anatomical and functional transformation to create the decidua, the specialized secretory endometrium of pregnancy. The maternal decidua and the invading fetal trophoblast constitute a dynamic junction that facilitates a complex immunological dialogue between the two. The decidual and peripheral immune systems together assume a pivotal role in regulating the critical balance between tolerance and defense against infection. Throughout pregnancy, this equilibrium is repeatedly subjected to microbial challenge. Acute viral infection in pregnancy is associated with a wide spectrum of adverse consequences for both mother and fetus. Vertical transmission from mother to fetus can cause developmental anomalies, growth restriction, preterm birth and stillbirth, while the mother is predisposed to heightened morbidity and maternal death. A rapid, effective response to invasive pathogens is therefore essential in order to avoid overwhelming maternal infection and consequent fetal compromise. This sentinel response is mediated by the innate immune system: a heritable, highly evolutionarily conserved system comprising physical barriers, antimicrobial peptides (AMP) and a variety of immune cells?principally neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells?which express pattern-receptors that detect invariant molecular signatures unique to pathogenic micro-organisms. Recognition of these signatures during acute infection triggers signaling cascades that enhance antimicrobial properties such as phagocytosis, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the complement system. As well as coordinating the initial immune response, macrophages and dendritic cells present microbial antigens to lymphocytes, initiating and influencing the development of specific, long-lasting adaptive immunity. Despite extensive progress in unraveling the immunological adaptations of pregnancy, pregnant women remain particularly susceptible to certain acute viral infections and continue to experience mortality rates equivalent to those observed in pandemics several decades ago. Here, we focus specifically on the pregnancy-induced vulnerabilities in innate immunity that contribute to the disproportionately high maternal mortality observed in the following acute viral infections: Lassa fever, Ebola virus disease (EVD), dengue fever, hepatitis E, influenza, and novel coronavirus infections. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7556209/ 109 1664-3224 Frontiers in Immunology [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation].
13722 114796 E형 간염 complex Molecule complex abstract 복합체 74478 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572567 Innate Immune Responses to Acute Viral Infection During Pregnancy Emily F. Cornish|||Iva Filipovic|||Fredrika ?senius|||David J. Williams|||Thomas McDonnell 202009 Immunology PMC Immunological adaptations in pregnancy allow maternal tolerance of the semi-allogeneic fetus but also increase maternal susceptibility to infection. At implantation, the endometrial stroma, glands, arteries and immune cells undergo anatomical and functional transformation to create the decidua, the specialized secretory endometrium of pregnancy. The maternal decidua and the invading fetal trophoblast constitute a dynamic junction that facilitates a complex immunological dialogue between the two. The decidual and peripheral immune systems together assume a pivotal role in regulating the critical balance between tolerance and defense against infection. Throughout pregnancy, this equilibrium is repeatedly subjected to microbial challenge. Acute viral infection in pregnancy is associated with a wide spectrum of adverse consequences for both mother and fetus. Vertical transmission from mother to fetus can cause developmental anomalies, growth restriction, preterm birth and stillbirth, while the mother is predisposed to heightened morbidity and maternal death. A rapid, effective response to invasive pathogens is therefore essential in order to avoid overwhelming maternal infection and consequent fetal compromise. This sentinel response is mediated by the innate immune system: a heritable, highly evolutionarily conserved system comprising physical barriers, antimicrobial peptides (AMP) and a variety of immune cells?principally neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells?which express pattern-receptors that detect invariant molecular signatures unique to pathogenic micro-organisms. Recognition of these signatures during acute infection triggers signaling cascades that enhance antimicrobial properties such as phagocytosis, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the complement system. As well as coordinating the initial immune response, macrophages and dendritic cells present microbial antigens to lymphocytes, initiating and influencing the development of specific, long-lasting adaptive immunity. Despite extensive progress in unraveling the immunological adaptations of pregnancy, pregnant women remain particularly susceptible to certain acute viral infections and continue to experience mortality rates equivalent to those observed in pandemics several decades ago. Here, we focus specifically on the pregnancy-induced vulnerabilities in innate immunity that contribute to the disproportionately high maternal mortality observed in the following acute viral infections: Lassa fever, Ebola virus disease (EVD), dengue fever, hepatitis E, influenza, and novel coronavirus infections. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7556209/ 109 1664-3224 Frontiers in Immunology [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation].
13646 114796 E형 간염 Contagiousness, Symptom contagiousness, title 73903 10.1055/s-0041-1725143 Concise Update on Genomics of COVID-19: Approach to Its latest Mutations, Escalated Contagiousness, and Vaccine Resistance Amir Khodavirdipour|||Sarvin Jabbari|||Fariba Keramat|||Mohammad Y. Alikhani 202109 Review Article PMC The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that started to invade the world from the Chinese fish market, causes an acute respiratory distress syndrome. COVID-19 is a dreadful infectious disease that surfaced only less than 8 months ago and caused the deadly COVID-19 pandemic. In this new species with a positive, single-strand RNA genome and a huge size, from the proteomics point view, there are no changes in sequences of amino acids in NSP7, 13, matrix, or envelope or other proteins including 8b and p6 and excluding NSP2 and NSP3. P6 is a multifunctional golgi?endoplasmic reticulum membrane-associated protein. This complex has a key duty to increase the replication rate of the virus and also causes intrinsic immune system responses by suppressing the signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 1 (STAT 1) translocated to the nucleus. Palmitoylated proteins elevate hydrophobicity which helps in membrane connection. Inside the N-linked glycosylation, moieties oligosaccharide is adhering to Asn-X-Ser/Thr canonical sequence. This helps for exact enfolding and carrying viral proteins by industriously using host's chaperon proteins including calreticulin and calnexin. 2B proteins encourage the internalization of major histocompatibility complex, class-I (MHC-I) protein and meanwhile inhibit their transfer to the surface of the cell as a recognition side. The deubiquitination of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has precise modification apparatus in the posttranslational stage. In this article, we outlined the recent and up-to-date data on genomic and molecular structures, epidemiology, vaccine development, and, last but not least, the clinical features, diagnostics, and treatment of the novel coronavirus. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8378916/ 3821 2699-9404 Global Medical Genetics
13649 114796 E형 간염 Genomics Term Genomics title 유전체학 73903 10.1055/s-0041-1725143 Concise Update on Genomics of COVID-19: Approach to Its latest Mutations, Escalated Contagiousness, and Vaccine Resistance Amir Khodavirdipour|||Sarvin Jabbari|||Fariba Keramat|||Mohammad Y. Alikhani 202109 Review Article PMC The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that started to invade the world from the Chinese fish market, causes an acute respiratory distress syndrome. COVID-19 is a dreadful infectious disease that surfaced only less than 8 months ago and caused the deadly COVID-19 pandemic. In this new species with a positive, single-strand RNA genome and a huge size, from the proteomics point view, there are no changes in sequences of amino acids in NSP7, 13, matrix, or envelope or other proteins including 8b and p6 and excluding NSP2 and NSP3. P6 is a multifunctional golgi?endoplasmic reticulum membrane-associated protein. This complex has a key duty to increase the replication rate of the virus and also causes intrinsic immune system responses by suppressing the signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 1 (STAT 1) translocated to the nucleus. Palmitoylated proteins elevate hydrophobicity which helps in membrane connection. Inside the N-linked glycosylation, moieties oligosaccharide is adhering to Asn-X-Ser/Thr canonical sequence. This helps for exact enfolding and carrying viral proteins by industriously using host's chaperon proteins including calreticulin and calnexin. 2B proteins encourage the internalization of major histocompatibility complex, class-I (MHC-I) protein and meanwhile inhibit their transfer to the surface of the cell as a recognition side. The deubiquitination of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has precise modification apparatus in the posttranslational stage. In this article, we outlined the recent and up-to-date data on genomic and molecular structures, epidemiology, vaccine development, and, last but not least, the clinical features, diagnostics, and treatment of the novel coronavirus. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8378916/ 3821 2699-9404 Global Medical Genetics
13651 114796 E형 간염 Mutations, Term mutations, title 73903 10.1055/s-0041-1725143 Concise Update on Genomics of COVID-19: Approach to Its latest Mutations, Escalated Contagiousness, and Vaccine Resistance Amir Khodavirdipour|||Sarvin Jabbari|||Fariba Keramat|||Mohammad Y. Alikhani 202109 Review Article PMC The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that started to invade the world from the Chinese fish market, causes an acute respiratory distress syndrome. COVID-19 is a dreadful infectious disease that surfaced only less than 8 months ago and caused the deadly COVID-19 pandemic. In this new species with a positive, single-strand RNA genome and a huge size, from the proteomics point view, there are no changes in sequences of amino acids in NSP7, 13, matrix, or envelope or other proteins including 8b and p6 and excluding NSP2 and NSP3. P6 is a multifunctional golgi?endoplasmic reticulum membrane-associated protein. This complex has a key duty to increase the replication rate of the virus and also causes intrinsic immune system responses by suppressing the signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 1 (STAT 1) translocated to the nucleus. Palmitoylated proteins elevate hydrophobicity which helps in membrane connection. Inside the N-linked glycosylation, moieties oligosaccharide is adhering to Asn-X-Ser/Thr canonical sequence. This helps for exact enfolding and carrying viral proteins by industriously using host's chaperon proteins including calreticulin and calnexin. 2B proteins encourage the internalization of major histocompatibility complex, class-I (MHC-I) protein and meanwhile inhibit their transfer to the surface of the cell as a recognition side. The deubiquitination of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has precise modification apparatus in the posttranslational stage. In this article, we outlined the recent and up-to-date data on genomic and molecular structures, epidemiology, vaccine development, and, last but not least, the clinical features, diagnostics, and treatment of the novel coronavirus. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8378916/ 3821 2699-9404 Global Medical Genetics
13653 114796 E형 간염 Resistance Term Resistance title 저항 73903 10.1055/s-0041-1725143 Concise Update on Genomics of COVID-19: Approach to Its latest Mutations, Escalated Contagiousness, and Vaccine Resistance Amir Khodavirdipour|||Sarvin Jabbari|||Fariba Keramat|||Mohammad Y. Alikhani 202109 Review Article PMC The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that started to invade the world from the Chinese fish market, causes an acute respiratory distress syndrome. COVID-19 is a dreadful infectious disease that surfaced only less than 8 months ago and caused the deadly COVID-19 pandemic. In this new species with a positive, single-strand RNA genome and a huge size, from the proteomics point view, there are no changes in sequences of amino acids in NSP7, 13, matrix, or envelope or other proteins including 8b and p6 and excluding NSP2 and NSP3. P6 is a multifunctional golgi?endoplasmic reticulum membrane-associated protein. This complex has a key duty to increase the replication rate of the virus and also causes intrinsic immune system responses by suppressing the signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 1 (STAT 1) translocated to the nucleus. Palmitoylated proteins elevate hydrophobicity which helps in membrane connection. Inside the N-linked glycosylation, moieties oligosaccharide is adhering to Asn-X-Ser/Thr canonical sequence. This helps for exact enfolding and carrying viral proteins by industriously using host's chaperon proteins including calreticulin and calnexin. 2B proteins encourage the internalization of major histocompatibility complex, class-I (MHC-I) protein and meanwhile inhibit their transfer to the surface of the cell as a recognition side. The deubiquitination of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has precise modification apparatus in the posttranslational stage. In this article, we outlined the recent and up-to-date data on genomic and molecular structures, epidemiology, vaccine development, and, last but not least, the clinical features, diagnostics, and treatment of the novel coronavirus. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8378916/ 3821 2699-9404 Global Medical Genetics
13655 114796 E형 간염 viral outbreak Term viral outbreak author 바이러스 발병 73903 10.1055/s-0041-1725143 Concise Update on Genomics of COVID-19: Approach to Its latest Mutations, Escalated Contagiousness, and Vaccine Resistance Amir Khodavirdipour|||Sarvin Jabbari|||Fariba Keramat|||Mohammad Y. Alikhani 202109 Review Article PMC The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that started to invade the world from the Chinese fish market, causes an acute respiratory distress syndrome. COVID-19 is a dreadful infectious disease that surfaced only less than 8 months ago and caused the deadly COVID-19 pandemic. In this new species with a positive, single-strand RNA genome and a huge size, from the proteomics point view, there are no changes in sequences of amino acids in NSP7, 13, matrix, or envelope or other proteins including 8b and p6 and excluding NSP2 and NSP3. P6 is a multifunctional golgi?endoplasmic reticulum membrane-associated protein. This complex has a key duty to increase the replication rate of the virus and also causes intrinsic immune system responses by suppressing the signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 1 (STAT 1) translocated to the nucleus. Palmitoylated proteins elevate hydrophobicity which helps in membrane connection. Inside the N-linked glycosylation, moieties oligosaccharide is adhering to Asn-X-Ser/Thr canonical sequence. This helps for exact enfolding and carrying viral proteins by industriously using host's chaperon proteins including calreticulin and calnexin. 2B proteins encourage the internalization of major histocompatibility complex, class-I (MHC-I) protein and meanwhile inhibit their transfer to the surface of the cell as a recognition side. The deubiquitination of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has precise modification apparatus in the posttranslational stage. In this article, we outlined the recent and up-to-date data on genomic and molecular structures, epidemiology, vaccine development, and, last but not least, the clinical features, diagnostics, and treatment of the novel coronavirus. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/8378916/ 3821 2699-9404 Global Medical Genetics
13721 114796 E형 간염 complement Protein complement abstract 보체 74478 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572567 Innate Immune Responses to Acute Viral Infection During Pregnancy Emily F. Cornish|||Iva Filipovic|||Fredrika ?senius|||David J. Williams|||Thomas McDonnell 202009 Immunology PMC Immunological adaptations in pregnancy allow maternal tolerance of the semi-allogeneic fetus but also increase maternal susceptibility to infection. At implantation, the endometrial stroma, glands, arteries and immune cells undergo anatomical and functional transformation to create the decidua, the specialized secretory endometrium of pregnancy. The maternal decidua and the invading fetal trophoblast constitute a dynamic junction that facilitates a complex immunological dialogue between the two. The decidual and peripheral immune systems together assume a pivotal role in regulating the critical balance between tolerance and defense against infection. Throughout pregnancy, this equilibrium is repeatedly subjected to microbial challenge. Acute viral infection in pregnancy is associated with a wide spectrum of adverse consequences for both mother and fetus. Vertical transmission from mother to fetus can cause developmental anomalies, growth restriction, preterm birth and stillbirth, while the mother is predisposed to heightened morbidity and maternal death. A rapid, effective response to invasive pathogens is therefore essential in order to avoid overwhelming maternal infection and consequent fetal compromise. This sentinel response is mediated by the innate immune system: a heritable, highly evolutionarily conserved system comprising physical barriers, antimicrobial peptides (AMP) and a variety of immune cells?principally neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells?which express pattern-receptors that detect invariant molecular signatures unique to pathogenic micro-organisms. Recognition of these signatures during acute infection triggers signaling cascades that enhance antimicrobial properties such as phagocytosis, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the complement system. As well as coordinating the initial immune response, macrophages and dendritic cells present microbial antigens to lymphocytes, initiating and influencing the development of specific, long-lasting adaptive immunity. Despite extensive progress in unraveling the immunological adaptations of pregnancy, pregnant women remain particularly susceptible to certain acute viral infections and continue to experience mortality rates equivalent to those observed in pandemics several decades ago. Here, we focus specifically on the pregnancy-induced vulnerabilities in innate immunity that contribute to the disproportionately high maternal mortality observed in the following acute viral infections: Lassa fever, Ebola virus disease (EVD), dengue fever, hepatitis E, influenza, and novel coronavirus infections. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7556209/ 109 1664-3224 Frontiers in Immunology [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation].
13723 114796 E형 간염 consequence Term consequence abstract 중요성 74478 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572567 Innate Immune Responses to Acute Viral Infection During Pregnancy Emily F. Cornish|||Iva Filipovic|||Fredrika ?senius|||David J. Williams|||Thomas McDonnell 202009 Immunology PMC Immunological adaptations in pregnancy allow maternal tolerance of the semi-allogeneic fetus but also increase maternal susceptibility to infection. At implantation, the endometrial stroma, glands, arteries and immune cells undergo anatomical and functional transformation to create the decidua, the specialized secretory endometrium of pregnancy. The maternal decidua and the invading fetal trophoblast constitute a dynamic junction that facilitates a complex immunological dialogue between the two. The decidual and peripheral immune systems together assume a pivotal role in regulating the critical balance between tolerance and defense against infection. Throughout pregnancy, this equilibrium is repeatedly subjected to microbial challenge. Acute viral infection in pregnancy is associated with a wide spectrum of adverse consequences for both mother and fetus. Vertical transmission from mother to fetus can cause developmental anomalies, growth restriction, preterm birth and stillbirth, while the mother is predisposed to heightened morbidity and maternal death. A rapid, effective response to invasive pathogens is therefore essential in order to avoid overwhelming maternal infection and consequent fetal compromise. This sentinel response is mediated by the innate immune system: a heritable, highly evolutionarily conserved system comprising physical barriers, antimicrobial peptides (AMP) and a variety of immune cells?principally neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells?which express pattern-receptors that detect invariant molecular signatures unique to pathogenic micro-organisms. Recognition of these signatures during acute infection triggers signaling cascades that enhance antimicrobial properties such as phagocytosis, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the complement system. As well as coordinating the initial immune response, macrophages and dendritic cells present microbial antigens to lymphocytes, initiating and influencing the development of specific, long-lasting adaptive immunity. Despite extensive progress in unraveling the immunological adaptations of pregnancy, pregnant women remain particularly susceptible to certain acute viral infections and continue to experience mortality rates equivalent to those observed in pandemics several decades ago. Here, we focus specifically on the pregnancy-induced vulnerabilities in innate immunity that contribute to the disproportionately high maternal mortality observed in the following acute viral infections: Lassa fever, Ebola virus disease (EVD), dengue fever, hepatitis E, influenza, and novel coronavirus infections. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7556209/ 109 1664-3224 Frontiers in Immunology [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation].
13725 114796 E형 간염 contribute Action contribute abstract 74478 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572567 Innate Immune Responses to Acute Viral Infection During Pregnancy Emily F. Cornish|||Iva Filipovic|||Fredrika ?senius|||David J. Williams|||Thomas McDonnell 202009 Immunology PMC Immunological adaptations in pregnancy allow maternal tolerance of the semi-allogeneic fetus but also increase maternal susceptibility to infection. At implantation, the endometrial stroma, glands, arteries and immune cells undergo anatomical and functional transformation to create the decidua, the specialized secretory endometrium of pregnancy. The maternal decidua and the invading fetal trophoblast constitute a dynamic junction that facilitates a complex immunological dialogue between the two. The decidual and peripheral immune systems together assume a pivotal role in regulating the critical balance between tolerance and defense against infection. Throughout pregnancy, this equilibrium is repeatedly subjected to microbial challenge. Acute viral infection in pregnancy is associated with a wide spectrum of adverse consequences for both mother and fetus. Vertical transmission from mother to fetus can cause developmental anomalies, growth restriction, preterm birth and stillbirth, while the mother is predisposed to heightened morbidity and maternal death. A rapid, effective response to invasive pathogens is therefore essential in order to avoid overwhelming maternal infection and consequent fetal compromise. This sentinel response is mediated by the innate immune system: a heritable, highly evolutionarily conserved system comprising physical barriers, antimicrobial peptides (AMP) and a variety of immune cells?principally neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells?which express pattern-receptors that detect invariant molecular signatures unique to pathogenic micro-organisms. Recognition of these signatures during acute infection triggers signaling cascades that enhance antimicrobial properties such as phagocytosis, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the complement system. As well as coordinating the initial immune response, macrophages and dendritic cells present microbial antigens to lymphocytes, initiating and influencing the development of specific, long-lasting adaptive immunity. Despite extensive progress in unraveling the immunological adaptations of pregnancy, pregnant women remain particularly susceptible to certain acute viral infections and continue to experience mortality rates equivalent to those observed in pandemics several decades ago. Here, we focus specifically on the pregnancy-induced vulnerabilities in innate immunity that contribute to the disproportionately high maternal mortality observed in the following acute viral infections: Lassa fever, Ebola virus disease (EVD), dengue fever, hepatitis E, influenza, and novel coronavirus infections. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7556209/ 109 1664-3224 Frontiers in Immunology [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation].
13727 114796 E형 간염 death Term death abstract 사망 74478 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572567 Innate Immune Responses to Acute Viral Infection During Pregnancy Emily F. Cornish|||Iva Filipovic|||Fredrika ?senius|||David J. Williams|||Thomas McDonnell 202009 Immunology PMC Immunological adaptations in pregnancy allow maternal tolerance of the semi-allogeneic fetus but also increase maternal susceptibility to infection. At implantation, the endometrial stroma, glands, arteries and immune cells undergo anatomical and functional transformation to create the decidua, the specialized secretory endometrium of pregnancy. The maternal decidua and the invading fetal trophoblast constitute a dynamic junction that facilitates a complex immunological dialogue between the two. The decidual and peripheral immune systems together assume a pivotal role in regulating the critical balance between tolerance and defense against infection. Throughout pregnancy, this equilibrium is repeatedly subjected to microbial challenge. Acute viral infection in pregnancy is associated with a wide spectrum of adverse consequences for both mother and fetus. Vertical transmission from mother to fetus can cause developmental anomalies, growth restriction, preterm birth and stillbirth, while the mother is predisposed to heightened morbidity and maternal death. A rapid, effective response to invasive pathogens is therefore essential in order to avoid overwhelming maternal infection and consequent fetal compromise. This sentinel response is mediated by the innate immune system: a heritable, highly evolutionarily conserved system comprising physical barriers, antimicrobial peptides (AMP) and a variety of immune cells?principally neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells?which express pattern-receptors that detect invariant molecular signatures unique to pathogenic micro-organisms. Recognition of these signatures during acute infection triggers signaling cascades that enhance antimicrobial properties such as phagocytosis, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the complement system. As well as coordinating the initial immune response, macrophages and dendritic cells present microbial antigens to lymphocytes, initiating and influencing the development of specific, long-lasting adaptive immunity. Despite extensive progress in unraveling the immunological adaptations of pregnancy, pregnant women remain particularly susceptible to certain acute viral infections and continue to experience mortality rates equivalent to those observed in pandemics several decades ago. Here, we focus specifically on the pregnancy-induced vulnerabilities in innate immunity that contribute to the disproportionately high maternal mortality observed in the following acute viral infections: Lassa fever, Ebola virus disease (EVD), dengue fever, hepatitis E, influenza, and novel coronavirus infections. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7556209/ 109 1664-3224 Frontiers in Immunology [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation].
13729 114796 E형 간염 dendritic cell Gene dendritic cell abstract 수지상세포 74478 https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.572567 Innate Immune Responses to Acute Viral Infection During Pregnancy Emily F. Cornish|||Iva Filipovic|||Fredrika ?senius|||David J. Williams|||Thomas McDonnell 202009 Immunology PMC Immunological adaptations in pregnancy allow maternal tolerance of the semi-allogeneic fetus but also increase maternal susceptibility to infection. At implantation, the endometrial stroma, glands, arteries and immune cells undergo anatomical and functional transformation to create the decidua, the specialized secretory endometrium of pregnancy. The maternal decidua and the invading fetal trophoblast constitute a dynamic junction that facilitates a complex immunological dialogue between the two. The decidual and peripheral immune systems together assume a pivotal role in regulating the critical balance between tolerance and defense against infection. Throughout pregnancy, this equilibrium is repeatedly subjected to microbial challenge. Acute viral infection in pregnancy is associated with a wide spectrum of adverse consequences for both mother and fetus. Vertical transmission from mother to fetus can cause developmental anomalies, growth restriction, preterm birth and stillbirth, while the mother is predisposed to heightened morbidity and maternal death. A rapid, effective response to invasive pathogens is therefore essential in order to avoid overwhelming maternal infection and consequent fetal compromise. This sentinel response is mediated by the innate immune system: a heritable, highly evolutionarily conserved system comprising physical barriers, antimicrobial peptides (AMP) and a variety of immune cells?principally neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells?which express pattern-receptors that detect invariant molecular signatures unique to pathogenic micro-organisms. Recognition of these signatures during acute infection triggers signaling cascades that enhance antimicrobial properties such as phagocytosis, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the complement system. As well as coordinating the initial immune response, macrophages and dendritic cells present microbial antigens to lymphocytes, initiating and influencing the development of specific, long-lasting adaptive immunity. Despite extensive progress in unraveling the immunological adaptations of pregnancy, pregnant women remain particularly susceptible to certain acute viral infections and continue to experience mortality rates equivalent to those observed in pandemics several decades ago. Here, we focus specifically on the pregnancy-induced vulnerabilities in innate immunity that contribute to the disproportionately high maternal mortality observed in the following acute viral infections: Lassa fever, Ebola virus disease (EVD), dengue fever, hepatitis E, influenza, and novel coronavirus infections. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7556209/ 109 1664-3224 Frontiers in Immunology [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation].
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