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| 45113 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | pigeon | Term | pigeon | title | 208385 | [Importance of domestic pigeons in human salmonellosis] | H H Wuthe | 197210 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4563870/ | 4235 | Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr | ||||||
| 324772 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | Prion disease | Disease | Prion disease | title | 210548 | Prion disease | C A Hart | 199601 | Review | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8832037/ | 6185 | Br J Hosp Med | |||||
| 406811 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | disease | Action | disease | title | 질병 | 210288 | The bacterial diseases of Israel | S A Berger | 199405 | Review | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8034479/ | 5437 | Isr J Med Sci | ||||
| 584595 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | Avian influenza | Term | Avian influenza | title | 조류인플루엔자 | 96382 | Avian influenza frequently asked questions | 200402 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15024791/ | 4046 | Wkly Epidemiol Rec | ||||||
| 614753 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | WHO | Institution | WHO | title | 103136 | Scientist rebels against WHO over bird flu | Nicholas Zamiska | 200603 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16642577/ | 5586 | Wall St J (East Ed) | ||||||
| 630 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | determine | Action | determine | abstract | 84629 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1001014 | PB1-F2 Proteins from H5N1 and 20 th Century Pandemic Influenza Viruses Cause Immunopathology | Julie L. McAuley|||Jerry E. Chipuk|||Kelli L. Boyd|||Nick Van De Velde|||Douglas R. Green|||Jonathan A. McCullers | 201007 | PMC | With the recent emergence of a novel pandemic strain, there is presently intense interest in understanding the molecular signatures of virulence of influenza viruses. PB1-F2 proteins from epidemiologically important influenza A virus strains were studied to determine their function and contribution to virulence. Using 27-mer peptides derived from the C-terminal sequence of PB1-F2 and chimeric viruses engineered on a common background, we demonstrated that induction of cell death through PB1-F2 is dependent upon BAK/BAX mediated cytochrome c release from mitochondria. This function was specific for the PB1-F2 protein of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 and was not seen using PB1-F2 peptides derived from past pandemic strains. However, PB1-F2 proteins from the three pandemic strains of the 20 th century and a highly pathogenic strain of the H5N1 subtype were shown to enhance the lung inflammatory response resulting in increased pathology. Recently circulating seasonal influenza A strains were not capable of this pro-inflammatory function, having lost the PB1-F2 protein's immunostimulatory activity through truncation or mutation during adaptation in humans. These data suggest that the PB1-F2 protein contributes to the virulence of pandemic strains when the PB1 gene segment is recently derived from the avian reservoir. Author Summary There is presently great interest in understanding how influenza viruses cause disease. In this paper, we explore the role of the influenza virus PB1-F2 protein in disease. We show that the ability of the protein to cause cell death is mediated through a mitochondrial death pathway controlled by proteins called BAX or BAK. However, this function of the protein only seems to be relevant to a restricted set of viruses and not past pandemic strains. Instead, the ability to generate inflammation in the lung proves to be a common trait of all past pandemic strains as well as the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza strains which remain a significant pandemic threat. It appears likely that this pro-inflammatory phenotype is a characteristic of viruses emerging from the avian reservoir and is therefore important for new strains that cross the species barrier and establish themselves in humans. During circulation and adaptation in the mammalian lung, this function is typically lost. Of note, the novel 2009 H1N1 pandemic strain does not express a full-length PB1-F2. Were it to acquire a fully functional, inflammatory PB1-F2 through reassortment, this could herald greatly enhanced disease potential. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/2908617/ | 62 | 1553-7366 | PLoS Pathogens | San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science | |||
| 5457 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | host | Term | host | abstract | 숙주 | 210211 | Cryptosporidia--who is at risk? | G T Keusch|||D Hamer|||A Joe|||M Kelley|||J Griffiths|||H Ward | 199505 | pubmed | !! Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian parasite originally described a century ago and, until recently, not considered to be a human pathogen. It has a complex life cycle, including both sexual and asexual reproduction, an auto-infectious cycle, and the ability to complete its development within a single host. The transmission form is a robust, environmentally resistant oocyst, excreted in the stool, which can exist for long periods of time in the environment. Because animals, in particular domesticated livestock, are its primary host, human infection is usually zoonotic. Oocysts often find their way into water supplies, and it resists chlorination and is incompletely filtered from processed drinking water supplies, even when filtration is working optimally. Transmission via ingestion of fecally contaminated swimming pool water, food, fomites, and sexual activities facilitating fecal-oral inoculation have been demonstrated. The major target of C. parvum in the host is the intestinal epithelial cell, resulting in diarrhea, sometimes profuse and persistent, although it may also infect other organs such as the gall bladder and lungs. Pathogenesis involves attachment, probably via a sporozoite lectin, invasion, probably involving apical organelles, replication within a parasitophorous vacuole with the host cell membrane, causing cellular dysfunction. Diagnosis is generally made by visualization of the oocyst form in stool by staining methods, the best of which appears to be auramine and fluorescence microscopy. Those at greatest risk are immunocompromised adults and children, especially those with AIDS, children in day care, travelers to endemic regions, dairy or cattle farm workers of their families or contacts, household contacts of cases or carriers, and possibly owners of infected dogs or cats or their neighbors. There is no specific therapy available, however in the immunocompetent host the illness is self-limited, lasting from a few days to 3 weeks, and long term carriage is uncommon. In the immunocompromised host, infection is prolonged, sometimes asymptomatic, but may result in chronic debilitating diarrhea with dehydration, malabsorption and wasting. Public health measures to reduce contamination of water supplies and vigilant surveillance will reduce the risk to populations. Reducing behaviors favoring fecal-oral transmission, such as certain sexual activities, and scrupulous hygiene in the day care setting would also reduce the likelihood of transmission but not eliminate it. Given our lack of knowledge about Cryptosporidium biology and pathogenesis, high priority should be given to research designed to increase our understanding of the organism and improve the chance of developing useful therapeutic or preventative drugs or strategies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7770751/ | 4453 | Schweiz Med Wochenschr | |||||
| 5465 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | immunocompromised adult | Term | immunocompromised adult | abstract | 210211 | Cryptosporidia--who is at risk? | G T Keusch|||D Hamer|||A Joe|||M Kelley|||J Griffiths|||H Ward | 199505 | pubmed | !! Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian parasite originally described a century ago and, until recently, not considered to be a human pathogen. It has a complex life cycle, including both sexual and asexual reproduction, an auto-infectious cycle, and the ability to complete its development within a single host. The transmission form is a robust, environmentally resistant oocyst, excreted in the stool, which can exist for long periods of time in the environment. Because animals, in particular domesticated livestock, are its primary host, human infection is usually zoonotic. Oocysts often find their way into water supplies, and it resists chlorination and is incompletely filtered from processed drinking water supplies, even when filtration is working optimally. Transmission via ingestion of fecally contaminated swimming pool water, food, fomites, and sexual activities facilitating fecal-oral inoculation have been demonstrated. The major target of C. parvum in the host is the intestinal epithelial cell, resulting in diarrhea, sometimes profuse and persistent, although it may also infect other organs such as the gall bladder and lungs. Pathogenesis involves attachment, probably via a sporozoite lectin, invasion, probably involving apical organelles, replication within a parasitophorous vacuole with the host cell membrane, causing cellular dysfunction. Diagnosis is generally made by visualization of the oocyst form in stool by staining methods, the best of which appears to be auramine and fluorescence microscopy. Those at greatest risk are immunocompromised adults and children, especially those with AIDS, children in day care, travelers to endemic regions, dairy or cattle farm workers of their families or contacts, household contacts of cases or carriers, and possibly owners of infected dogs or cats or their neighbors. There is no specific therapy available, however in the immunocompetent host the illness is self-limited, lasting from a few days to 3 weeks, and long term carriage is uncommon. In the immunocompromised host, infection is prolonged, sometimes asymptomatic, but may result in chronic debilitating diarrhea with dehydration, malabsorption and wasting. Public health measures to reduce contamination of water supplies and vigilant surveillance will reduce the risk to populations. Reducing behaviors favoring fecal-oral transmission, such as certain sexual activities, and scrupulous hygiene in the day care setting would also reduce the likelihood of transmission but not eliminate it. Given our lack of knowledge about Cryptosporidium biology and pathogenesis, high priority should be given to research designed to increase our understanding of the organism and improve the chance of developing useful therapeutic or preventative drugs or strategies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7770751/ | 4453 | Schweiz Med Wochenschr | ||||||
| 5466 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | improve | Action | improve | abstract | 210211 | Cryptosporidia--who is at risk? | G T Keusch|||D Hamer|||A Joe|||M Kelley|||J Griffiths|||H Ward | 199505 | pubmed | !! Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian parasite originally described a century ago and, until recently, not considered to be a human pathogen. It has a complex life cycle, including both sexual and asexual reproduction, an auto-infectious cycle, and the ability to complete its development within a single host. The transmission form is a robust, environmentally resistant oocyst, excreted in the stool, which can exist for long periods of time in the environment. Because animals, in particular domesticated livestock, are its primary host, human infection is usually zoonotic. Oocysts often find their way into water supplies, and it resists chlorination and is incompletely filtered from processed drinking water supplies, even when filtration is working optimally. Transmission via ingestion of fecally contaminated swimming pool water, food, fomites, and sexual activities facilitating fecal-oral inoculation have been demonstrated. The major target of C. parvum in the host is the intestinal epithelial cell, resulting in diarrhea, sometimes profuse and persistent, although it may also infect other organs such as the gall bladder and lungs. Pathogenesis involves attachment, probably via a sporozoite lectin, invasion, probably involving apical organelles, replication within a parasitophorous vacuole with the host cell membrane, causing cellular dysfunction. Diagnosis is generally made by visualization of the oocyst form in stool by staining methods, the best of which appears to be auramine and fluorescence microscopy. Those at greatest risk are immunocompromised adults and children, especially those with AIDS, children in day care, travelers to endemic regions, dairy or cattle farm workers of their families or contacts, household contacts of cases or carriers, and possibly owners of infected dogs or cats or their neighbors. There is no specific therapy available, however in the immunocompetent host the illness is self-limited, lasting from a few days to 3 weeks, and long term carriage is uncommon. In the immunocompromised host, infection is prolonged, sometimes asymptomatic, but may result in chronic debilitating diarrhea with dehydration, malabsorption and wasting. Public health measures to reduce contamination of water supplies and vigilant surveillance will reduce the risk to populations. Reducing behaviors favoring fecal-oral transmission, such as certain sexual activities, and scrupulous hygiene in the day care setting would also reduce the likelihood of transmission but not eliminate it. Given our lack of knowledge about Cryptosporidium biology and pathogenesis, high priority should be given to research designed to increase our understanding of the organism and improve the chance of developing useful therapeutic or preventative drugs or strategies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7770751/ | 4453 | Schweiz Med Wochenschr | ||||||
| 5459 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | household contact | Term | household contact | abstract | 가구 접촉 | 210211 | Cryptosporidia--who is at risk? | G T Keusch|||D Hamer|||A Joe|||M Kelley|||J Griffiths|||H Ward | 199505 | pubmed | !! Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian parasite originally described a century ago and, until recently, not considered to be a human pathogen. It has a complex life cycle, including both sexual and asexual reproduction, an auto-infectious cycle, and the ability to complete its development within a single host. The transmission form is a robust, environmentally resistant oocyst, excreted in the stool, which can exist for long periods of time in the environment. Because animals, in particular domesticated livestock, are its primary host, human infection is usually zoonotic. Oocysts often find their way into water supplies, and it resists chlorination and is incompletely filtered from processed drinking water supplies, even when filtration is working optimally. Transmission via ingestion of fecally contaminated swimming pool water, food, fomites, and sexual activities facilitating fecal-oral inoculation have been demonstrated. The major target of C. parvum in the host is the intestinal epithelial cell, resulting in diarrhea, sometimes profuse and persistent, although it may also infect other organs such as the gall bladder and lungs. Pathogenesis involves attachment, probably via a sporozoite lectin, invasion, probably involving apical organelles, replication within a parasitophorous vacuole with the host cell membrane, causing cellular dysfunction. Diagnosis is generally made by visualization of the oocyst form in stool by staining methods, the best of which appears to be auramine and fluorescence microscopy. Those at greatest risk are immunocompromised adults and children, especially those with AIDS, children in day care, travelers to endemic regions, dairy or cattle farm workers of their families or contacts, household contacts of cases or carriers, and possibly owners of infected dogs or cats or their neighbors. There is no specific therapy available, however in the immunocompetent host the illness is self-limited, lasting from a few days to 3 weeks, and long term carriage is uncommon. In the immunocompromised host, infection is prolonged, sometimes asymptomatic, but may result in chronic debilitating diarrhea with dehydration, malabsorption and wasting. Public health measures to reduce contamination of water supplies and vigilant surveillance will reduce the risk to populations. Reducing behaviors favoring fecal-oral transmission, such as certain sexual activities, and scrupulous hygiene in the day care setting would also reduce the likelihood of transmission but not eliminate it. Given our lack of knowledge about Cryptosporidium biology and pathogenesis, high priority should be given to research designed to increase our understanding of the organism and improve the chance of developing useful therapeutic or preventative drugs or strategies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7770751/ | 4453 | Schweiz Med Wochenschr | |||||
| 5462 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | hygiene | Term | hygiene | abstract | 위생 | 210211 | Cryptosporidia--who is at risk? | G T Keusch|||D Hamer|||A Joe|||M Kelley|||J Griffiths|||H Ward | 199505 | pubmed | !! Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian parasite originally described a century ago and, until recently, not considered to be a human pathogen. It has a complex life cycle, including both sexual and asexual reproduction, an auto-infectious cycle, and the ability to complete its development within a single host. The transmission form is a robust, environmentally resistant oocyst, excreted in the stool, which can exist for long periods of time in the environment. Because animals, in particular domesticated livestock, are its primary host, human infection is usually zoonotic. Oocysts often find their way into water supplies, and it resists chlorination and is incompletely filtered from processed drinking water supplies, even when filtration is working optimally. Transmission via ingestion of fecally contaminated swimming pool water, food, fomites, and sexual activities facilitating fecal-oral inoculation have been demonstrated. The major target of C. parvum in the host is the intestinal epithelial cell, resulting in diarrhea, sometimes profuse and persistent, although it may also infect other organs such as the gall bladder and lungs. Pathogenesis involves attachment, probably via a sporozoite lectin, invasion, probably involving apical organelles, replication within a parasitophorous vacuole with the host cell membrane, causing cellular dysfunction. Diagnosis is generally made by visualization of the oocyst form in stool by staining methods, the best of which appears to be auramine and fluorescence microscopy. Those at greatest risk are immunocompromised adults and children, especially those with AIDS, children in day care, travelers to endemic regions, dairy or cattle farm workers of their families or contacts, household contacts of cases or carriers, and possibly owners of infected dogs or cats or their neighbors. There is no specific therapy available, however in the immunocompetent host the illness is self-limited, lasting from a few days to 3 weeks, and long term carriage is uncommon. In the immunocompromised host, infection is prolonged, sometimes asymptomatic, but may result in chronic debilitating diarrhea with dehydration, malabsorption and wasting. Public health measures to reduce contamination of water supplies and vigilant surveillance will reduce the risk to populations. Reducing behaviors favoring fecal-oral transmission, such as certain sexual activities, and scrupulous hygiene in the day care setting would also reduce the likelihood of transmission but not eliminate it. Given our lack of knowledge about Cryptosporidium biology and pathogenesis, high priority should be given to research designed to increase our understanding of the organism and improve the chance of developing useful therapeutic or preventative drugs or strategies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7770751/ | 4453 | Schweiz Med Wochenschr | |||||
| 17469 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | mRNA level | Term | mRNA level | abstract | 메신저 리보핵산 수준 | 97126 | [Interpretation of laboratory data during cryptic leishmaniasis in dog] | A E Gravino | 200406 | pubmed | !! Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis caused by an intracellular parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania. In Europe, Africa, South America and China, visceral leishmaniasis is caused by L. infantum. The vectors of leishmaniasis are phlebotomine sandflies belonging to the genera Phlebotomus. According to the World Health Organization there are 2 million new cases each year and 1/10 of the world's population is at risk of infection. Leishmaniasis is considered a zoonosis and human are generally accidental hosts. The animal reservoir includes rodents, dog and other mammals. Several studies have indicate that half of the dogs with antileishmanial antibodies have no signs of disease although, animal with subclinical infections are potentially infectious to sand flies. The factors determining susceptibility or resistence to visceral leishmaniasis remain unclear, but the genetics of the host may play a major role. Clinical signs are: intermittent fever, hepatosplenomegaly, skin lesions and ulcers, alopecia, onychogryphosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia and hypergammaglobulinemia. In mice, the outcome of infection depends on the polarized activation of one of two subsets of CD4+ T cells, Th1 or Th2, the subdivision into Th1 and Th2 cells is based on the pattern of cytokines that they produce. Th1 cells produce gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin -2 (IL-2), whereas Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. An important difference between susceptible and resistant mice is that the resistant mice are able to switch to a Th1 profile and control the disease. An important factor in the decision to form a Th1 or Th2 phenotype is the early cytokine environment, and IL-12 is one of the cytokines that contributes significantly to the establishment of the Th1 phenotype. Canine leishmaniosis is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and, in most cases is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum. The main clinical findings are skin lesions, local or generalized lymphoadenopathy, loss of body weight, glomerulopathy, ocular lesions, epistaxis and lameness. Non pruritic skin lesions are the usual manifestation and several forms have been described, such as exfoliative dermatitis and alopecia, and ulcerative, nodular and pustular dermatitis. Seroepidemiological studies of canine leishmaniasis have revealed a large number of asymptomatic seropositive animals. Moreover in areas where leishmaniasis is highly endemic, high proportion of apparently healthy animals show low levels of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Others have regressive forms of the desease, and their antibody levels will decrease in the following months or years; still others maintain low levels of antibodies without developing the desease for many years. However, the total number of infected animals is unknown. Canine leishmaniasis is a major zoonosic parasitic disease, enzootic in the Mediterranean area, caused by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania infantum. The dog is the main reservoir host of the parasite. However, most infected dogs do not present any clinical signs, and there is evidence that Leishmania infection prevalence rates in areas of endemicity are higher than those ascertained by serological studies. Visceral leishmaniasis is becoming a real problem of public health because it is an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients and in human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects. The detection of the extent of the infection, particularly among asymptomatic dogs, is of great importance for the control of leishmaniasis. PCR has been applied successfully in recent years to detect Leishmania spp. even in the cases with any of the clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis. Very recently, real-time PCR for Leishmania has been applied to evaluate the parasitic load of dog tissues both at the time of the diagnosis and during follow-up of the therapy and to measure cytokine mRNA levels in different clinical samples of infected and uninfected dogs. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15305723/ | 4577 | Parassitologia | |||||
| 17501 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | tissue | Organ | tissue | abstract | 조직 | 97126 | [Interpretation of laboratory data during cryptic leishmaniasis in dog] | A E Gravino | 200406 | pubmed | !! Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis caused by an intracellular parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania. In Europe, Africa, South America and China, visceral leishmaniasis is caused by L. infantum. The vectors of leishmaniasis are phlebotomine sandflies belonging to the genera Phlebotomus. According to the World Health Organization there are 2 million new cases each year and 1/10 of the world's population is at risk of infection. Leishmaniasis is considered a zoonosis and human are generally accidental hosts. The animal reservoir includes rodents, dog and other mammals. Several studies have indicate that half of the dogs with antileishmanial antibodies have no signs of disease although, animal with subclinical infections are potentially infectious to sand flies. The factors determining susceptibility or resistence to visceral leishmaniasis remain unclear, but the genetics of the host may play a major role. Clinical signs are: intermittent fever, hepatosplenomegaly, skin lesions and ulcers, alopecia, onychogryphosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia and hypergammaglobulinemia. In mice, the outcome of infection depends on the polarized activation of one of two subsets of CD4+ T cells, Th1 or Th2, the subdivision into Th1 and Th2 cells is based on the pattern of cytokines that they produce. Th1 cells produce gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin -2 (IL-2), whereas Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. An important difference between susceptible and resistant mice is that the resistant mice are able to switch to a Th1 profile and control the disease. An important factor in the decision to form a Th1 or Th2 phenotype is the early cytokine environment, and IL-12 is one of the cytokines that contributes significantly to the establishment of the Th1 phenotype. Canine leishmaniosis is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and, in most cases is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum. The main clinical findings are skin lesions, local or generalized lymphoadenopathy, loss of body weight, glomerulopathy, ocular lesions, epistaxis and lameness. Non pruritic skin lesions are the usual manifestation and several forms have been described, such as exfoliative dermatitis and alopecia, and ulcerative, nodular and pustular dermatitis. Seroepidemiological studies of canine leishmaniasis have revealed a large number of asymptomatic seropositive animals. Moreover in areas where leishmaniasis is highly endemic, high proportion of apparently healthy animals show low levels of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Others have regressive forms of the desease, and their antibody levels will decrease in the following months or years; still others maintain low levels of antibodies without developing the desease for many years. However, the total number of infected animals is unknown. Canine leishmaniasis is a major zoonosic parasitic disease, enzootic in the Mediterranean area, caused by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania infantum. The dog is the main reservoir host of the parasite. However, most infected dogs do not present any clinical signs, and there is evidence that Leishmania infection prevalence rates in areas of endemicity are higher than those ascertained by serological studies. Visceral leishmaniasis is becoming a real problem of public health because it is an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients and in human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects. The detection of the extent of the infection, particularly among asymptomatic dogs, is of great importance for the control of leishmaniasis. PCR has been applied successfully in recent years to detect Leishmania spp. even in the cases with any of the clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis. Very recently, real-time PCR for Leishmania has been applied to evaluate the parasitic load of dog tissues both at the time of the diagnosis and during follow-up of the therapy and to measure cytokine mRNA levels in different clinical samples of infected and uninfected dogs. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15305723/ | 4577 | Parassitologia | |||||
| 12601 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | zoonotic infection | Term | zoonotic infection | abstract | 인수감염 | 97111 | [Tick borne zoonosis: selected clinical and diagnostic aspects] | V Sambri|||A Marangoni|||E Storni|||F Cavrini|||A Moroni|||M Sparacino|||R Cevenini | 200406 | Review | pubmed | !! Tick-borne zoonotic infections are among the most diffuse vector borne diseases: these large group of infections is caused by different microorganisms: Babesia spp., Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Francisella tularensis, Coxiella burnetii) and tick-borne encephalitis virus. Babesiosis is caused by the protozoa (sporozoa) Babesia microti and it is quite rare in humans in Europe. The ixodids ticks are the competent vectors. A few symptomatic cases have been reported, mainly in splenectomized patients. The laboratory diagnosis is made by the microscopic identification of the parasites within the red blood cells in blood smears. The serologic diagnosis, based mainly upon IFA and WB techniques has only an epidemiological interest. Lyme borreliosis (Lyme disease) has been recognized as the most frequent vector borne disease in mild climate areas. The etiologic agent is a spirochete, belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex: B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii and B. afzelii. Several additional species of this geno-complex have been identified but their pathogenic capability for humans still needs to be elucidated. Lyme borreliosis is clinically divided into three different clinical stages: the early disease, the disseminated infection and the persistent infection. Individual stages are caused by the diffusion of the spirochetes to different anatomic districts of the body. The main clinical symptoms are, for each stage: the erythema chronicum migrans in the early infection, the peripheral nerves and joint involvement in disseminated diseases and the acrodermatitis chronica atrophica (ACA) with central nervous system involvement in the late disseminated infection. The microbiological diagnosis is achieved by serologic techniques (IFA, EIA, WB) and by isolation of the spirochetes (in vitro culture and DNA amplification methods). Tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) is occasionally transmitted to humans by the soft ticks Ornithodorus and is caused by Borrelia spp. Different borreliae are responsible for TBRF in various geographic areas. The laboratory diagnosis is based upon the identification of spirochetes in peripheral blood by microscopic observation of Giemsa stained smears. Rickettsiosis diseases are caused worldwide by the obligate intracellular bacteria belonging to the genus Rickettsia. In the Mediterranean area the most frequently identified rickettsia is R. conorii, that causes the so called Mediterranean spotted fever. The serologic detection of a specific antibody response by IFA techniques is the most prominent tool for the diagnosis. In addition, the PCR method can be applied. Bacteria of the genus Ehrlichia are well known pathogens in veterinary medicine. Since the last decade their zoonotic capability has emerged and E. chafeensis, E. canis and the so called human granulocytic agent (HGE) have been identified in human diseases following a tick bite. The ehrlichiosis is characterized, in human, by a mild fever associated with lymphoadenopathy. The diagnosis is made on the identification of morulae (the intracytoplasmatic inclusion of the growing rickettsiae) in the white cells of peripheral blood. In addition the molecular diagnosis is also possible by PCR. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is the only viral arthropod-borne encephalitis in Europe: it is caused by a flavivirus and it can also be transmitted by the ingestion of goat raw milk. The more relevant epidemiological figure is limited to the Alps, in particular to the Northern side (Austria). Isolated cases have been reported also in Italy. TBE is a benign self-limiting illness that usually recovers without any reliquate. The laboratory diagnosis is obtained by isolating the virus in cell cultures from the CSF or blood of acute phase patients. Serology is anyway the main laboratory tool to perform this diagnosis. Complement fixation and EIA IgM are the most used methods: the latter technique is particularly sensitive in early infection. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15305697/ | 4577 | Parassitologia | ||||
| 3147 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | resulting | Action | resulting | abstract | 112803 | https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2012_238 | Food Safety: at the center of a One Health approach for combating zoonoses | Peter R Wielinga|||Jørgen Schlundt | 201301 | Review | pubmed | !! Food Safety is at the center of One Health. Many, if not most, of all important zoonoses relate in some way to animals in the food production chain. Therefore, the food becomes an important vehicle for many, but not all, of these zoonotic pathogens. One of the major issues in food safety over the latest decennia has been the lack of cross-sectoral collaboration across the food production chain. Major food safety events have been significantly affected by the lack of collaboration between the animal health, the food control, and the human health sector. Examples range from BSE and E. coli outbreaks over dioxin crises to intentional melamine contamination. One Health formulates clearly both the need for and the benefit of cross-sectoral collaboration. In this chapter, we will focus on the human health risk related to zoonotic microorganisms present both in food animals and food from these animals, and typically transmitted to humans through food. We focus on these issues because they are very important in relation to the human disease burden, but also because this is the area where some experience of cross-sectoral collaboration already exist. Food related zoonoses can be separated in three major classes: parasites, bacteria, and viruses. While parasites often relate to very specific animal hosts and contribute significantly to the human disease burden, virus have often been related to major, well-published global outbreaks, e.g. SARS and avian- and swine-influenza. The bacterial zoonoses on the other hand often result in sporadic, but very wide-spread disease cases, resulting in a major disease burden in all countries, e.g. Salmonella and Campylobacter. Next to these traditional zoonotic problems, the use of antimicrobials in (food) animals has also caused the emergence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) zoonotic bacteria. It is important to realize the difference in the nature of disease epidemiology, as well as, in society's reaction to these diseases in different socio-economic settings. Some diseases have global epidemic-or pandemic-potential, resulting in dramatic action from international organizations and national agricultural-and health authorities in most countries, for instance as was the case with avian influenza. Other diseases relate to the industrialized food production chain and have been-in some settings-dealt with efficiently through farm-to-fork preventive action in the animal sector, e.g. Salmonella. Finally, an important group of zoonotic diseases are 'neglected diseases' in poor settings, while they have been basically eradicated in affluent economies through vaccination and culling policies in the animal sector, e.g. Brucella. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7121890/ | 3997 | 0070-217X | Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology | Heidelberg : Springer Verlag. | ||
| 5468 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | infection | Symptom | infection | abstract | 감염 | 210211 | Cryptosporidia--who is at risk? | G T Keusch|||D Hamer|||A Joe|||M Kelley|||J Griffiths|||H Ward | 199505 | pubmed | !! Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian parasite originally described a century ago and, until recently, not considered to be a human pathogen. It has a complex life cycle, including both sexual and asexual reproduction, an auto-infectious cycle, and the ability to complete its development within a single host. The transmission form is a robust, environmentally resistant oocyst, excreted in the stool, which can exist for long periods of time in the environment. Because animals, in particular domesticated livestock, are its primary host, human infection is usually zoonotic. Oocysts often find their way into water supplies, and it resists chlorination and is incompletely filtered from processed drinking water supplies, even when filtration is working optimally. Transmission via ingestion of fecally contaminated swimming pool water, food, fomites, and sexual activities facilitating fecal-oral inoculation have been demonstrated. The major target of C. parvum in the host is the intestinal epithelial cell, resulting in diarrhea, sometimes profuse and persistent, although it may also infect other organs such as the gall bladder and lungs. Pathogenesis involves attachment, probably via a sporozoite lectin, invasion, probably involving apical organelles, replication within a parasitophorous vacuole with the host cell membrane, causing cellular dysfunction. Diagnosis is generally made by visualization of the oocyst form in stool by staining methods, the best of which appears to be auramine and fluorescence microscopy. Those at greatest risk are immunocompromised adults and children, especially those with AIDS, children in day care, travelers to endemic regions, dairy or cattle farm workers of their families or contacts, household contacts of cases or carriers, and possibly owners of infected dogs or cats or their neighbors. There is no specific therapy available, however in the immunocompetent host the illness is self-limited, lasting from a few days to 3 weeks, and long term carriage is uncommon. In the immunocompromised host, infection is prolonged, sometimes asymptomatic, but may result in chronic debilitating diarrhea with dehydration, malabsorption and wasting. Public health measures to reduce contamination of water supplies and vigilant surveillance will reduce the risk to populations. Reducing behaviors favoring fecal-oral transmission, such as certain sexual activities, and scrupulous hygiene in the day care setting would also reduce the likelihood of transmission but not eliminate it. Given our lack of knowledge about Cryptosporidium biology and pathogenesis, high priority should be given to research designed to increase our understanding of the organism and improve the chance of developing useful therapeutic or preventative drugs or strategies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7770751/ | 4453 | Schweiz Med Wochenschr | |||||
| 5469 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | ingestion | Term | ingestion | abstract | 음식물 섭취 | 210211 | Cryptosporidia--who is at risk? | G T Keusch|||D Hamer|||A Joe|||M Kelley|||J Griffiths|||H Ward | 199505 | pubmed | !! Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian parasite originally described a century ago and, until recently, not considered to be a human pathogen. It has a complex life cycle, including both sexual and asexual reproduction, an auto-infectious cycle, and the ability to complete its development within a single host. The transmission form is a robust, environmentally resistant oocyst, excreted in the stool, which can exist for long periods of time in the environment. Because animals, in particular domesticated livestock, are its primary host, human infection is usually zoonotic. Oocysts often find their way into water supplies, and it resists chlorination and is incompletely filtered from processed drinking water supplies, even when filtration is working optimally. Transmission via ingestion of fecally contaminated swimming pool water, food, fomites, and sexual activities facilitating fecal-oral inoculation have been demonstrated. The major target of C. parvum in the host is the intestinal epithelial cell, resulting in diarrhea, sometimes profuse and persistent, although it may also infect other organs such as the gall bladder and lungs. Pathogenesis involves attachment, probably via a sporozoite lectin, invasion, probably involving apical organelles, replication within a parasitophorous vacuole with the host cell membrane, causing cellular dysfunction. Diagnosis is generally made by visualization of the oocyst form in stool by staining methods, the best of which appears to be auramine and fluorescence microscopy. Those at greatest risk are immunocompromised adults and children, especially those with AIDS, children in day care, travelers to endemic regions, dairy or cattle farm workers of their families or contacts, household contacts of cases or carriers, and possibly owners of infected dogs or cats or their neighbors. There is no specific therapy available, however in the immunocompetent host the illness is self-limited, lasting from a few days to 3 weeks, and long term carriage is uncommon. In the immunocompromised host, infection is prolonged, sometimes asymptomatic, but may result in chronic debilitating diarrhea with dehydration, malabsorption and wasting. Public health measures to reduce contamination of water supplies and vigilant surveillance will reduce the risk to populations. Reducing behaviors favoring fecal-oral transmission, such as certain sexual activities, and scrupulous hygiene in the day care setting would also reduce the likelihood of transmission but not eliminate it. Given our lack of knowledge about Cryptosporidium biology and pathogenesis, high priority should be given to research designed to increase our understanding of the organism and improve the chance of developing useful therapeutic or preventative drugs or strategies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7770751/ | 4453 | Schweiz Med Wochenschr | |||||
| 17472 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | opportunistic | Term | opportunistic | abstract | 97126 | [Interpretation of laboratory data during cryptic leishmaniasis in dog] | A E Gravino | 200406 | pubmed | !! Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis caused by an intracellular parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania. In Europe, Africa, South America and China, visceral leishmaniasis is caused by L. infantum. The vectors of leishmaniasis are phlebotomine sandflies belonging to the genera Phlebotomus. According to the World Health Organization there are 2 million new cases each year and 1/10 of the world's population is at risk of infection. Leishmaniasis is considered a zoonosis and human are generally accidental hosts. The animal reservoir includes rodents, dog and other mammals. Several studies have indicate that half of the dogs with antileishmanial antibodies have no signs of disease although, animal with subclinical infections are potentially infectious to sand flies. The factors determining susceptibility or resistence to visceral leishmaniasis remain unclear, but the genetics of the host may play a major role. Clinical signs are: intermittent fever, hepatosplenomegaly, skin lesions and ulcers, alopecia, onychogryphosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia and hypergammaglobulinemia. In mice, the outcome of infection depends on the polarized activation of one of two subsets of CD4+ T cells, Th1 or Th2, the subdivision into Th1 and Th2 cells is based on the pattern of cytokines that they produce. Th1 cells produce gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin -2 (IL-2), whereas Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. An important difference between susceptible and resistant mice is that the resistant mice are able to switch to a Th1 profile and control the disease. An important factor in the decision to form a Th1 or Th2 phenotype is the early cytokine environment, and IL-12 is one of the cytokines that contributes significantly to the establishment of the Th1 phenotype. Canine leishmaniosis is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and, in most cases is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum. The main clinical findings are skin lesions, local or generalized lymphoadenopathy, loss of body weight, glomerulopathy, ocular lesions, epistaxis and lameness. Non pruritic skin lesions are the usual manifestation and several forms have been described, such as exfoliative dermatitis and alopecia, and ulcerative, nodular and pustular dermatitis. Seroepidemiological studies of canine leishmaniasis have revealed a large number of asymptomatic seropositive animals. Moreover in areas where leishmaniasis is highly endemic, high proportion of apparently healthy animals show low levels of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Others have regressive forms of the desease, and their antibody levels will decrease in the following months or years; still others maintain low levels of antibodies without developing the desease for many years. However, the total number of infected animals is unknown. Canine leishmaniasis is a major zoonosic parasitic disease, enzootic in the Mediterranean area, caused by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania infantum. The dog is the main reservoir host of the parasite. However, most infected dogs do not present any clinical signs, and there is evidence that Leishmania infection prevalence rates in areas of endemicity are higher than those ascertained by serological studies. Visceral leishmaniasis is becoming a real problem of public health because it is an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients and in human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects. The detection of the extent of the infection, particularly among asymptomatic dogs, is of great importance for the control of leishmaniasis. PCR has been applied successfully in recent years to detect Leishmania spp. even in the cases with any of the clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis. Very recently, real-time PCR for Leishmania has been applied to evaluate the parasitic load of dog tissues both at the time of the diagnosis and during follow-up of the therapy and to measure cytokine mRNA levels in different clinical samples of infected and uninfected dogs. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15305723/ | 4577 | Parassitologia | ||||||
| 5473 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | lack | Action | lack | abstract | 210211 | Cryptosporidia--who is at risk? | G T Keusch|||D Hamer|||A Joe|||M Kelley|||J Griffiths|||H Ward | 199505 | pubmed | !! Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian parasite originally described a century ago and, until recently, not considered to be a human pathogen. It has a complex life cycle, including both sexual and asexual reproduction, an auto-infectious cycle, and the ability to complete its development within a single host. The transmission form is a robust, environmentally resistant oocyst, excreted in the stool, which can exist for long periods of time in the environment. Because animals, in particular domesticated livestock, are its primary host, human infection is usually zoonotic. Oocysts often find their way into water supplies, and it resists chlorination and is incompletely filtered from processed drinking water supplies, even when filtration is working optimally. Transmission via ingestion of fecally contaminated swimming pool water, food, fomites, and sexual activities facilitating fecal-oral inoculation have been demonstrated. The major target of C. parvum in the host is the intestinal epithelial cell, resulting in diarrhea, sometimes profuse and persistent, although it may also infect other organs such as the gall bladder and lungs. Pathogenesis involves attachment, probably via a sporozoite lectin, invasion, probably involving apical organelles, replication within a parasitophorous vacuole with the host cell membrane, causing cellular dysfunction. Diagnosis is generally made by visualization of the oocyst form in stool by staining methods, the best of which appears to be auramine and fluorescence microscopy. Those at greatest risk are immunocompromised adults and children, especially those with AIDS, children in day care, travelers to endemic regions, dairy or cattle farm workers of their families or contacts, household contacts of cases or carriers, and possibly owners of infected dogs or cats or their neighbors. There is no specific therapy available, however in the immunocompetent host the illness is self-limited, lasting from a few days to 3 weeks, and long term carriage is uncommon. In the immunocompromised host, infection is prolonged, sometimes asymptomatic, but may result in chronic debilitating diarrhea with dehydration, malabsorption and wasting. Public health measures to reduce contamination of water supplies and vigilant surveillance will reduce the risk to populations. Reducing behaviors favoring fecal-oral transmission, such as certain sexual activities, and scrupulous hygiene in the day care setting would also reduce the likelihood of transmission but not eliminate it. Given our lack of knowledge about Cryptosporidium biology and pathogenesis, high priority should be given to research designed to increase our understanding of the organism and improve the chance of developing useful therapeutic or preventative drugs or strategies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7770751/ | 4453 | Schweiz Med Wochenschr | ||||||
| 5471 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | invasion | Action | invasion | abstract | 침입 | 210211 | Cryptosporidia--who is at risk? | G T Keusch|||D Hamer|||A Joe|||M Kelley|||J Griffiths|||H Ward | 199505 | pubmed | !! Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian parasite originally described a century ago and, until recently, not considered to be a human pathogen. It has a complex life cycle, including both sexual and asexual reproduction, an auto-infectious cycle, and the ability to complete its development within a single host. The transmission form is a robust, environmentally resistant oocyst, excreted in the stool, which can exist for long periods of time in the environment. Because animals, in particular domesticated livestock, are its primary host, human infection is usually zoonotic. Oocysts often find their way into water supplies, and it resists chlorination and is incompletely filtered from processed drinking water supplies, even when filtration is working optimally. Transmission via ingestion of fecally contaminated swimming pool water, food, fomites, and sexual activities facilitating fecal-oral inoculation have been demonstrated. The major target of C. parvum in the host is the intestinal epithelial cell, resulting in diarrhea, sometimes profuse and persistent, although it may also infect other organs such as the gall bladder and lungs. Pathogenesis involves attachment, probably via a sporozoite lectin, invasion, probably involving apical organelles, replication within a parasitophorous vacuole with the host cell membrane, causing cellular dysfunction. Diagnosis is generally made by visualization of the oocyst form in stool by staining methods, the best of which appears to be auramine and fluorescence microscopy. Those at greatest risk are immunocompromised adults and children, especially those with AIDS, children in day care, travelers to endemic regions, dairy or cattle farm workers of their families or contacts, household contacts of cases or carriers, and possibly owners of infected dogs or cats or their neighbors. There is no specific therapy available, however in the immunocompetent host the illness is self-limited, lasting from a few days to 3 weeks, and long term carriage is uncommon. In the immunocompromised host, infection is prolonged, sometimes asymptomatic, but may result in chronic debilitating diarrhea with dehydration, malabsorption and wasting. Public health measures to reduce contamination of water supplies and vigilant surveillance will reduce the risk to populations. Reducing behaviors favoring fecal-oral transmission, such as certain sexual activities, and scrupulous hygiene in the day care setting would also reduce the likelihood of transmission but not eliminate it. Given our lack of knowledge about Cryptosporidium biology and pathogenesis, high priority should be given to research designed to increase our understanding of the organism and improve the chance of developing useful therapeutic or preventative drugs or strategies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7770751/ | 4453 | Schweiz Med Wochenschr | |||||
| 5472 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | knowledge | Term | knowledge | abstract | 지식 | 210211 | Cryptosporidia--who is at risk? | G T Keusch|||D Hamer|||A Joe|||M Kelley|||J Griffiths|||H Ward | 199505 | pubmed | !! Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian parasite originally described a century ago and, until recently, not considered to be a human pathogen. It has a complex life cycle, including both sexual and asexual reproduction, an auto-infectious cycle, and the ability to complete its development within a single host. The transmission form is a robust, environmentally resistant oocyst, excreted in the stool, which can exist for long periods of time in the environment. Because animals, in particular domesticated livestock, are its primary host, human infection is usually zoonotic. Oocysts often find their way into water supplies, and it resists chlorination and is incompletely filtered from processed drinking water supplies, even when filtration is working optimally. Transmission via ingestion of fecally contaminated swimming pool water, food, fomites, and sexual activities facilitating fecal-oral inoculation have been demonstrated. The major target of C. parvum in the host is the intestinal epithelial cell, resulting in diarrhea, sometimes profuse and persistent, although it may also infect other organs such as the gall bladder and lungs. Pathogenesis involves attachment, probably via a sporozoite lectin, invasion, probably involving apical organelles, replication within a parasitophorous vacuole with the host cell membrane, causing cellular dysfunction. Diagnosis is generally made by visualization of the oocyst form in stool by staining methods, the best of which appears to be auramine and fluorescence microscopy. Those at greatest risk are immunocompromised adults and children, especially those with AIDS, children in day care, travelers to endemic regions, dairy or cattle farm workers of their families or contacts, household contacts of cases or carriers, and possibly owners of infected dogs or cats or their neighbors. There is no specific therapy available, however in the immunocompetent host the illness is self-limited, lasting from a few days to 3 weeks, and long term carriage is uncommon. In the immunocompromised host, infection is prolonged, sometimes asymptomatic, but may result in chronic debilitating diarrhea with dehydration, malabsorption and wasting. Public health measures to reduce contamination of water supplies and vigilant surveillance will reduce the risk to populations. Reducing behaviors favoring fecal-oral transmission, such as certain sexual activities, and scrupulous hygiene in the day care setting would also reduce the likelihood of transmission but not eliminate it. Given our lack of knowledge about Cryptosporidium biology and pathogenesis, high priority should be given to research designed to increase our understanding of the organism and improve the chance of developing useful therapeutic or preventative drugs or strategies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7770751/ | 4453 | Schweiz Med Wochenschr | |||||
| 1386 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | infection | Symptom | infection | title | 감염 | 92354 | [Letter: Hepatitis infection through domestic animals?] | M Mussgay | 197603 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1253730/ | 2050 | 0012-0472 | Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) | Stuttgart [etc.] : G. Thieme | |||
| 5477 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | Oocyst | Term | Oocyst | abstract | 210211 | Cryptosporidia--who is at risk? | G T Keusch|||D Hamer|||A Joe|||M Kelley|||J Griffiths|||H Ward | 199505 | pubmed | !! Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian parasite originally described a century ago and, until recently, not considered to be a human pathogen. It has a complex life cycle, including both sexual and asexual reproduction, an auto-infectious cycle, and the ability to complete its development within a single host. The transmission form is a robust, environmentally resistant oocyst, excreted in the stool, which can exist for long periods of time in the environment. Because animals, in particular domesticated livestock, are its primary host, human infection is usually zoonotic. Oocysts often find their way into water supplies, and it resists chlorination and is incompletely filtered from processed drinking water supplies, even when filtration is working optimally. Transmission via ingestion of fecally contaminated swimming pool water, food, fomites, and sexual activities facilitating fecal-oral inoculation have been demonstrated. The major target of C. parvum in the host is the intestinal epithelial cell, resulting in diarrhea, sometimes profuse and persistent, although it may also infect other organs such as the gall bladder and lungs. Pathogenesis involves attachment, probably via a sporozoite lectin, invasion, probably involving apical organelles, replication within a parasitophorous vacuole with the host cell membrane, causing cellular dysfunction. Diagnosis is generally made by visualization of the oocyst form in stool by staining methods, the best of which appears to be auramine and fluorescence microscopy. Those at greatest risk are immunocompromised adults and children, especially those with AIDS, children in day care, travelers to endemic regions, dairy or cattle farm workers of their families or contacts, household contacts of cases or carriers, and possibly owners of infected dogs or cats or their neighbors. There is no specific therapy available, however in the immunocompetent host the illness is self-limited, lasting from a few days to 3 weeks, and long term carriage is uncommon. In the immunocompromised host, infection is prolonged, sometimes asymptomatic, but may result in chronic debilitating diarrhea with dehydration, malabsorption and wasting. Public health measures to reduce contamination of water supplies and vigilant surveillance will reduce the risk to populations. Reducing behaviors favoring fecal-oral transmission, such as certain sexual activities, and scrupulous hygiene in the day care setting would also reduce the likelihood of transmission but not eliminate it. Given our lack of knowledge about Cryptosporidium biology and pathogenesis, high priority should be given to research designed to increase our understanding of the organism and improve the chance of developing useful therapeutic or preventative drugs or strategies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7770751/ | 4453 | Schweiz Med Wochenschr | ||||||
| 3154 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | significantly | Action | significantly | abstract | 112803 | https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2012_238 | Food Safety: at the center of a One Health approach for combating zoonoses | Peter R Wielinga|||Jørgen Schlundt | 201301 | Review | pubmed | !! Food Safety is at the center of One Health. Many, if not most, of all important zoonoses relate in some way to animals in the food production chain. Therefore, the food becomes an important vehicle for many, but not all, of these zoonotic pathogens. One of the major issues in food safety over the latest decennia has been the lack of cross-sectoral collaboration across the food production chain. Major food safety events have been significantly affected by the lack of collaboration between the animal health, the food control, and the human health sector. Examples range from BSE and E. coli outbreaks over dioxin crises to intentional melamine contamination. One Health formulates clearly both the need for and the benefit of cross-sectoral collaboration. In this chapter, we will focus on the human health risk related to zoonotic microorganisms present both in food animals and food from these animals, and typically transmitted to humans through food. We focus on these issues because they are very important in relation to the human disease burden, but also because this is the area where some experience of cross-sectoral collaboration already exist. Food related zoonoses can be separated in three major classes: parasites, bacteria, and viruses. While parasites often relate to very specific animal hosts and contribute significantly to the human disease burden, virus have often been related to major, well-published global outbreaks, e.g. SARS and avian- and swine-influenza. The bacterial zoonoses on the other hand often result in sporadic, but very wide-spread disease cases, resulting in a major disease burden in all countries, e.g. Salmonella and Campylobacter. Next to these traditional zoonotic problems, the use of antimicrobials in (food) animals has also caused the emergence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) zoonotic bacteria. It is important to realize the difference in the nature of disease epidemiology, as well as, in society's reaction to these diseases in different socio-economic settings. Some diseases have global epidemic-or pandemic-potential, resulting in dramatic action from international organizations and national agricultural-and health authorities in most countries, for instance as was the case with avian influenza. Other diseases relate to the industrialized food production chain and have been-in some settings-dealt with efficiently through farm-to-fork preventive action in the animal sector, e.g. Salmonella. Finally, an important group of zoonotic diseases are 'neglected diseases' in poor settings, while they have been basically eradicated in affluent economies through vaccination and culling policies in the animal sector, e.g. Brucella. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7121890/ | 3997 | 0070-217X | Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology | Heidelberg : Springer Verlag. | ||
| 5488 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | resulting | Action | resulting | abstract | 210211 | Cryptosporidia--who is at risk? | G T Keusch|||D Hamer|||A Joe|||M Kelley|||J Griffiths|||H Ward | 199505 | pubmed | !! Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian parasite originally described a century ago and, until recently, not considered to be a human pathogen. It has a complex life cycle, including both sexual and asexual reproduction, an auto-infectious cycle, and the ability to complete its development within a single host. The transmission form is a robust, environmentally resistant oocyst, excreted in the stool, which can exist for long periods of time in the environment. Because animals, in particular domesticated livestock, are its primary host, human infection is usually zoonotic. Oocysts often find their way into water supplies, and it resists chlorination and is incompletely filtered from processed drinking water supplies, even when filtration is working optimally. Transmission via ingestion of fecally contaminated swimming pool water, food, fomites, and sexual activities facilitating fecal-oral inoculation have been demonstrated. The major target of C. parvum in the host is the intestinal epithelial cell, resulting in diarrhea, sometimes profuse and persistent, although it may also infect other organs such as the gall bladder and lungs. Pathogenesis involves attachment, probably via a sporozoite lectin, invasion, probably involving apical organelles, replication within a parasitophorous vacuole with the host cell membrane, causing cellular dysfunction. Diagnosis is generally made by visualization of the oocyst form in stool by staining methods, the best of which appears to be auramine and fluorescence microscopy. Those at greatest risk are immunocompromised adults and children, especially those with AIDS, children in day care, travelers to endemic regions, dairy or cattle farm workers of their families or contacts, household contacts of cases or carriers, and possibly owners of infected dogs or cats or their neighbors. There is no specific therapy available, however in the immunocompetent host the illness is self-limited, lasting from a few days to 3 weeks, and long term carriage is uncommon. In the immunocompromised host, infection is prolonged, sometimes asymptomatic, but may result in chronic debilitating diarrhea with dehydration, malabsorption and wasting. Public health measures to reduce contamination of water supplies and vigilant surveillance will reduce the risk to populations. Reducing behaviors favoring fecal-oral transmission, such as certain sexual activities, and scrupulous hygiene in the day care setting would also reduce the likelihood of transmission but not eliminate it. Given our lack of knowledge about Cryptosporidium biology and pathogenesis, high priority should be given to research designed to increase our understanding of the organism and improve the chance of developing useful therapeutic or preventative drugs or strategies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7770751/ | 4453 | Schweiz Med Wochenschr | ||||||
| 5489 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | risk | Term | risk | abstract | 위험 | 210211 | Cryptosporidia--who is at risk? | G T Keusch|||D Hamer|||A Joe|||M Kelley|||J Griffiths|||H Ward | 199505 | pubmed | !! Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian parasite originally described a century ago and, until recently, not considered to be a human pathogen. It has a complex life cycle, including both sexual and asexual reproduction, an auto-infectious cycle, and the ability to complete its development within a single host. The transmission form is a robust, environmentally resistant oocyst, excreted in the stool, which can exist for long periods of time in the environment. Because animals, in particular domesticated livestock, are its primary host, human infection is usually zoonotic. Oocysts often find their way into water supplies, and it resists chlorination and is incompletely filtered from processed drinking water supplies, even when filtration is working optimally. Transmission via ingestion of fecally contaminated swimming pool water, food, fomites, and sexual activities facilitating fecal-oral inoculation have been demonstrated. The major target of C. parvum in the host is the intestinal epithelial cell, resulting in diarrhea, sometimes profuse and persistent, although it may also infect other organs such as the gall bladder and lungs. Pathogenesis involves attachment, probably via a sporozoite lectin, invasion, probably involving apical organelles, replication within a parasitophorous vacuole with the host cell membrane, causing cellular dysfunction. Diagnosis is generally made by visualization of the oocyst form in stool by staining methods, the best of which appears to be auramine and fluorescence microscopy. Those at greatest risk are immunocompromised adults and children, especially those with AIDS, children in day care, travelers to endemic regions, dairy or cattle farm workers of their families or contacts, household contacts of cases or carriers, and possibly owners of infected dogs or cats or their neighbors. There is no specific therapy available, however in the immunocompetent host the illness is self-limited, lasting from a few days to 3 weeks, and long term carriage is uncommon. In the immunocompromised host, infection is prolonged, sometimes asymptomatic, but may result in chronic debilitating diarrhea with dehydration, malabsorption and wasting. Public health measures to reduce contamination of water supplies and vigilant surveillance will reduce the risk to populations. Reducing behaviors favoring fecal-oral transmission, such as certain sexual activities, and scrupulous hygiene in the day care setting would also reduce the likelihood of transmission but not eliminate it. Given our lack of knowledge about Cryptosporidium biology and pathogenesis, high priority should be given to research designed to increase our understanding of the organism and improve the chance of developing useful therapeutic or preventative drugs or strategies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7770751/ | 4453 | Schweiz Med Wochenschr | |||||
| 5490 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | robust | Term | robust | abstract | 210211 | Cryptosporidia--who is at risk? | G T Keusch|||D Hamer|||A Joe|||M Kelley|||J Griffiths|||H Ward | 199505 | pubmed | !! Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian parasite originally described a century ago and, until recently, not considered to be a human pathogen. It has a complex life cycle, including both sexual and asexual reproduction, an auto-infectious cycle, and the ability to complete its development within a single host. The transmission form is a robust, environmentally resistant oocyst, excreted in the stool, which can exist for long periods of time in the environment. Because animals, in particular domesticated livestock, are its primary host, human infection is usually zoonotic. Oocysts often find their way into water supplies, and it resists chlorination and is incompletely filtered from processed drinking water supplies, even when filtration is working optimally. Transmission via ingestion of fecally contaminated swimming pool water, food, fomites, and sexual activities facilitating fecal-oral inoculation have been demonstrated. The major target of C. parvum in the host is the intestinal epithelial cell, resulting in diarrhea, sometimes profuse and persistent, although it may also infect other organs such as the gall bladder and lungs. Pathogenesis involves attachment, probably via a sporozoite lectin, invasion, probably involving apical organelles, replication within a parasitophorous vacuole with the host cell membrane, causing cellular dysfunction. Diagnosis is generally made by visualization of the oocyst form in stool by staining methods, the best of which appears to be auramine and fluorescence microscopy. Those at greatest risk are immunocompromised adults and children, especially those with AIDS, children in day care, travelers to endemic regions, dairy or cattle farm workers of their families or contacts, household contacts of cases or carriers, and possibly owners of infected dogs or cats or their neighbors. There is no specific therapy available, however in the immunocompetent host the illness is self-limited, lasting from a few days to 3 weeks, and long term carriage is uncommon. In the immunocompromised host, infection is prolonged, sometimes asymptomatic, but may result in chronic debilitating diarrhea with dehydration, malabsorption and wasting. Public health measures to reduce contamination of water supplies and vigilant surveillance will reduce the risk to populations. Reducing behaviors favoring fecal-oral transmission, such as certain sexual activities, and scrupulous hygiene in the day care setting would also reduce the likelihood of transmission but not eliminate it. Given our lack of knowledge about Cryptosporidium biology and pathogenesis, high priority should be given to research designed to increase our understanding of the organism and improve the chance of developing useful therapeutic or preventative drugs or strategies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7770751/ | 4453 | Schweiz Med Wochenschr | ||||||
| 1654 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | infection | Symptom | infection | title | 감염 | 103106 | [Bird flu--risk of infection by eating poultry products?] | Antje Gahl|||Angela Bechthold | 200604 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16634192/ | 4220 | Kinderkrankenschwester | |||||
| 5492 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | stool | Term | stool | abstract | 대변 | 210211 | Cryptosporidia--who is at risk? | G T Keusch|||D Hamer|||A Joe|||M Kelley|||J Griffiths|||H Ward | 199505 | pubmed | !! Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian parasite originally described a century ago and, until recently, not considered to be a human pathogen. It has a complex life cycle, including both sexual and asexual reproduction, an auto-infectious cycle, and the ability to complete its development within a single host. The transmission form is a robust, environmentally resistant oocyst, excreted in the stool, which can exist for long periods of time in the environment. Because animals, in particular domesticated livestock, are its primary host, human infection is usually zoonotic. Oocysts often find their way into water supplies, and it resists chlorination and is incompletely filtered from processed drinking water supplies, even when filtration is working optimally. Transmission via ingestion of fecally contaminated swimming pool water, food, fomites, and sexual activities facilitating fecal-oral inoculation have been demonstrated. The major target of C. parvum in the host is the intestinal epithelial cell, resulting in diarrhea, sometimes profuse and persistent, although it may also infect other organs such as the gall bladder and lungs. Pathogenesis involves attachment, probably via a sporozoite lectin, invasion, probably involving apical organelles, replication within a parasitophorous vacuole with the host cell membrane, causing cellular dysfunction. Diagnosis is generally made by visualization of the oocyst form in stool by staining methods, the best of which appears to be auramine and fluorescence microscopy. Those at greatest risk are immunocompromised adults and children, especially those with AIDS, children in day care, travelers to endemic regions, dairy or cattle farm workers of their families or contacts, household contacts of cases or carriers, and possibly owners of infected dogs or cats or their neighbors. There is no specific therapy available, however in the immunocompetent host the illness is self-limited, lasting from a few days to 3 weeks, and long term carriage is uncommon. In the immunocompromised host, infection is prolonged, sometimes asymptomatic, but may result in chronic debilitating diarrhea with dehydration, malabsorption and wasting. Public health measures to reduce contamination of water supplies and vigilant surveillance will reduce the risk to populations. Reducing behaviors favoring fecal-oral transmission, such as certain sexual activities, and scrupulous hygiene in the day care setting would also reduce the likelihood of transmission but not eliminate it. Given our lack of knowledge about Cryptosporidium biology and pathogenesis, high priority should be given to research designed to increase our understanding of the organism and improve the chance of developing useful therapeutic or preventative drugs or strategies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7770751/ | 4453 | Schweiz Med Wochenschr | |||||
| 5493 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | surveillance | Term | surveillance | abstract | 감시 | 210211 | Cryptosporidia--who is at risk? | G T Keusch|||D Hamer|||A Joe|||M Kelley|||J Griffiths|||H Ward | 199505 | pubmed | !! Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian parasite originally described a century ago and, until recently, not considered to be a human pathogen. It has a complex life cycle, including both sexual and asexual reproduction, an auto-infectious cycle, and the ability to complete its development within a single host. The transmission form is a robust, environmentally resistant oocyst, excreted in the stool, which can exist for long periods of time in the environment. Because animals, in particular domesticated livestock, are its primary host, human infection is usually zoonotic. Oocysts often find their way into water supplies, and it resists chlorination and is incompletely filtered from processed drinking water supplies, even when filtration is working optimally. Transmission via ingestion of fecally contaminated swimming pool water, food, fomites, and sexual activities facilitating fecal-oral inoculation have been demonstrated. The major target of C. parvum in the host is the intestinal epithelial cell, resulting in diarrhea, sometimes profuse and persistent, although it may also infect other organs such as the gall bladder and lungs. Pathogenesis involves attachment, probably via a sporozoite lectin, invasion, probably involving apical organelles, replication within a parasitophorous vacuole with the host cell membrane, causing cellular dysfunction. Diagnosis is generally made by visualization of the oocyst form in stool by staining methods, the best of which appears to be auramine and fluorescence microscopy. Those at greatest risk are immunocompromised adults and children, especially those with AIDS, children in day care, travelers to endemic regions, dairy or cattle farm workers of their families or contacts, household contacts of cases or carriers, and possibly owners of infected dogs or cats or their neighbors. There is no specific therapy available, however in the immunocompetent host the illness is self-limited, lasting from a few days to 3 weeks, and long term carriage is uncommon. In the immunocompromised host, infection is prolonged, sometimes asymptomatic, but may result in chronic debilitating diarrhea with dehydration, malabsorption and wasting. Public health measures to reduce contamination of water supplies and vigilant surveillance will reduce the risk to populations. Reducing behaviors favoring fecal-oral transmission, such as certain sexual activities, and scrupulous hygiene in the day care setting would also reduce the likelihood of transmission but not eliminate it. Given our lack of knowledge about Cryptosporidium biology and pathogenesis, high priority should be given to research designed to increase our understanding of the organism and improve the chance of developing useful therapeutic or preventative drugs or strategies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7770751/ | 4453 | Schweiz Med Wochenschr | |||||
| 1824 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | care | Term | care | title | 돌봄 | 108064 | Pandemic flu: why faith groups must care | J George Reed | 200701 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17500431/ | 4860 | 0029-2559 | North Carolina medical journal | Winston-Salem, NC : Medical Society Of The State Of North Carolina. | |||
| 2744 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | virus | Virus | virus | title | 바이러스 | 110926 | Vaccination of chickens with influenza A/Turkey/Oregon/71 virus and immunity challenge exposure to five strains of fowl plague virus | W K Butterfield|||C H Campbell | 197801 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/287099/ | 5526 | Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc | |||||
| 17495 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | Th1 cell | Cell | Th1 cell | abstract | 97126 | [Interpretation of laboratory data during cryptic leishmaniasis in dog] | A E Gravino | 200406 | pubmed | !! Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis caused by an intracellular parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania. In Europe, Africa, South America and China, visceral leishmaniasis is caused by L. infantum. The vectors of leishmaniasis are phlebotomine sandflies belonging to the genera Phlebotomus. According to the World Health Organization there are 2 million new cases each year and 1/10 of the world's population is at risk of infection. Leishmaniasis is considered a zoonosis and human are generally accidental hosts. The animal reservoir includes rodents, dog and other mammals. Several studies have indicate that half of the dogs with antileishmanial antibodies have no signs of disease although, animal with subclinical infections are potentially infectious to sand flies. The factors determining susceptibility or resistence to visceral leishmaniasis remain unclear, but the genetics of the host may play a major role. Clinical signs are: intermittent fever, hepatosplenomegaly, skin lesions and ulcers, alopecia, onychogryphosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia and hypergammaglobulinemia. In mice, the outcome of infection depends on the polarized activation of one of two subsets of CD4+ T cells, Th1 or Th2, the subdivision into Th1 and Th2 cells is based on the pattern of cytokines that they produce. Th1 cells produce gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin -2 (IL-2), whereas Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. An important difference between susceptible and resistant mice is that the resistant mice are able to switch to a Th1 profile and control the disease. An important factor in the decision to form a Th1 or Th2 phenotype is the early cytokine environment, and IL-12 is one of the cytokines that contributes significantly to the establishment of the Th1 phenotype. Canine leishmaniosis is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and, in most cases is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum. The main clinical findings are skin lesions, local or generalized lymphoadenopathy, loss of body weight, glomerulopathy, ocular lesions, epistaxis and lameness. Non pruritic skin lesions are the usual manifestation and several forms have been described, such as exfoliative dermatitis and alopecia, and ulcerative, nodular and pustular dermatitis. Seroepidemiological studies of canine leishmaniasis have revealed a large number of asymptomatic seropositive animals. Moreover in areas where leishmaniasis is highly endemic, high proportion of apparently healthy animals show low levels of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Others have regressive forms of the desease, and their antibody levels will decrease in the following months or years; still others maintain low levels of antibodies without developing the desease for many years. However, the total number of infected animals is unknown. Canine leishmaniasis is a major zoonosic parasitic disease, enzootic in the Mediterranean area, caused by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania infantum. The dog is the main reservoir host of the parasite. However, most infected dogs do not present any clinical signs, and there is evidence that Leishmania infection prevalence rates in areas of endemicity are higher than those ascertained by serological studies. Visceral leishmaniasis is becoming a real problem of public health because it is an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients and in human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects. The detection of the extent of the infection, particularly among asymptomatic dogs, is of great importance for the control of leishmaniasis. PCR has been applied successfully in recent years to detect Leishmania spp. even in the cases with any of the clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis. Very recently, real-time PCR for Leishmania has been applied to evaluate the parasitic load of dog tissues both at the time of the diagnosis and during follow-up of the therapy and to measure cytokine mRNA levels in different clinical samples of infected and uninfected dogs. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15305723/ | 4577 | Parassitologia | ||||||
| 17483 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | serological studies | Term | serological studies | abstract | 97126 | [Interpretation of laboratory data during cryptic leishmaniasis in dog] | A E Gravino | 200406 | pubmed | !! Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis caused by an intracellular parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania. In Europe, Africa, South America and China, visceral leishmaniasis is caused by L. infantum. The vectors of leishmaniasis are phlebotomine sandflies belonging to the genera Phlebotomus. According to the World Health Organization there are 2 million new cases each year and 1/10 of the world's population is at risk of infection. Leishmaniasis is considered a zoonosis and human are generally accidental hosts. The animal reservoir includes rodents, dog and other mammals. Several studies have indicate that half of the dogs with antileishmanial antibodies have no signs of disease although, animal with subclinical infections are potentially infectious to sand flies. The factors determining susceptibility or resistence to visceral leishmaniasis remain unclear, but the genetics of the host may play a major role. Clinical signs are: intermittent fever, hepatosplenomegaly, skin lesions and ulcers, alopecia, onychogryphosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia and hypergammaglobulinemia. In mice, the outcome of infection depends on the polarized activation of one of two subsets of CD4+ T cells, Th1 or Th2, the subdivision into Th1 and Th2 cells is based on the pattern of cytokines that they produce. Th1 cells produce gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin -2 (IL-2), whereas Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. An important difference between susceptible and resistant mice is that the resistant mice are able to switch to a Th1 profile and control the disease. An important factor in the decision to form a Th1 or Th2 phenotype is the early cytokine environment, and IL-12 is one of the cytokines that contributes significantly to the establishment of the Th1 phenotype. Canine leishmaniosis is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and, in most cases is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum. The main clinical findings are skin lesions, local or generalized lymphoadenopathy, loss of body weight, glomerulopathy, ocular lesions, epistaxis and lameness. Non pruritic skin lesions are the usual manifestation and several forms have been described, such as exfoliative dermatitis and alopecia, and ulcerative, nodular and pustular dermatitis. Seroepidemiological studies of canine leishmaniasis have revealed a large number of asymptomatic seropositive animals. Moreover in areas where leishmaniasis is highly endemic, high proportion of apparently healthy animals show low levels of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Others have regressive forms of the desease, and their antibody levels will decrease in the following months or years; still others maintain low levels of antibodies without developing the desease for many years. However, the total number of infected animals is unknown. Canine leishmaniasis is a major zoonosic parasitic disease, enzootic in the Mediterranean area, caused by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania infantum. The dog is the main reservoir host of the parasite. However, most infected dogs do not present any clinical signs, and there is evidence that Leishmania infection prevalence rates in areas of endemicity are higher than those ascertained by serological studies. Visceral leishmaniasis is becoming a real problem of public health because it is an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients and in human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects. The detection of the extent of the infection, particularly among asymptomatic dogs, is of great importance for the control of leishmaniasis. PCR has been applied successfully in recent years to detect Leishmania spp. even in the cases with any of the clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis. Very recently, real-time PCR for Leishmania has been applied to evaluate the parasitic load of dog tissues both at the time of the diagnosis and during follow-up of the therapy and to measure cytokine mRNA levels in different clinical samples of infected and uninfected dogs. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15305723/ | 4577 | Parassitologia | ||||||
| 17487 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | skin lesions | Term | skin lesions | abstract | 97126 | [Interpretation of laboratory data during cryptic leishmaniasis in dog] | A E Gravino | 200406 | pubmed | !! Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis caused by an intracellular parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania. In Europe, Africa, South America and China, visceral leishmaniasis is caused by L. infantum. The vectors of leishmaniasis are phlebotomine sandflies belonging to the genera Phlebotomus. According to the World Health Organization there are 2 million new cases each year and 1/10 of the world's population is at risk of infection. Leishmaniasis is considered a zoonosis and human are generally accidental hosts. The animal reservoir includes rodents, dog and other mammals. Several studies have indicate that half of the dogs with antileishmanial antibodies have no signs of disease although, animal with subclinical infections are potentially infectious to sand flies. The factors determining susceptibility or resistence to visceral leishmaniasis remain unclear, but the genetics of the host may play a major role. Clinical signs are: intermittent fever, hepatosplenomegaly, skin lesions and ulcers, alopecia, onychogryphosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia and hypergammaglobulinemia. In mice, the outcome of infection depends on the polarized activation of one of two subsets of CD4+ T cells, Th1 or Th2, the subdivision into Th1 and Th2 cells is based on the pattern of cytokines that they produce. Th1 cells produce gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin -2 (IL-2), whereas Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. An important difference between susceptible and resistant mice is that the resistant mice are able to switch to a Th1 profile and control the disease. An important factor in the decision to form a Th1 or Th2 phenotype is the early cytokine environment, and IL-12 is one of the cytokines that contributes significantly to the establishment of the Th1 phenotype. Canine leishmaniosis is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and, in most cases is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum. The main clinical findings are skin lesions, local or generalized lymphoadenopathy, loss of body weight, glomerulopathy, ocular lesions, epistaxis and lameness. Non pruritic skin lesions are the usual manifestation and several forms have been described, such as exfoliative dermatitis and alopecia, and ulcerative, nodular and pustular dermatitis. Seroepidemiological studies of canine leishmaniasis have revealed a large number of asymptomatic seropositive animals. Moreover in areas where leishmaniasis is highly endemic, high proportion of apparently healthy animals show low levels of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Others have regressive forms of the desease, and their antibody levels will decrease in the following months or years; still others maintain low levels of antibodies without developing the desease for many years. However, the total number of infected animals is unknown. Canine leishmaniasis is a major zoonosic parasitic disease, enzootic in the Mediterranean area, caused by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania infantum. The dog is the main reservoir host of the parasite. However, most infected dogs do not present any clinical signs, and there is evidence that Leishmania infection prevalence rates in areas of endemicity are higher than those ascertained by serological studies. Visceral leishmaniasis is becoming a real problem of public health because it is an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients and in human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects. The detection of the extent of the infection, particularly among asymptomatic dogs, is of great importance for the control of leishmaniasis. PCR has been applied successfully in recent years to detect Leishmania spp. even in the cases with any of the clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis. Very recently, real-time PCR for Leishmania has been applied to evaluate the parasitic load of dog tissues both at the time of the diagnosis and during follow-up of the therapy and to measure cytokine mRNA levels in different clinical samples of infected and uninfected dogs. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15305723/ | 4577 | Parassitologia | ||||||
| 17488 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | South America | Institution | South America | abstract | 97126 | [Interpretation of laboratory data during cryptic leishmaniasis in dog] | A E Gravino | 200406 | pubmed | !! Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis caused by an intracellular parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania. In Europe, Africa, South America and China, visceral leishmaniasis is caused by L. infantum. The vectors of leishmaniasis are phlebotomine sandflies belonging to the genera Phlebotomus. According to the World Health Organization there are 2 million new cases each year and 1/10 of the world's population is at risk of infection. Leishmaniasis is considered a zoonosis and human are generally accidental hosts. The animal reservoir includes rodents, dog and other mammals. Several studies have indicate that half of the dogs with antileishmanial antibodies have no signs of disease although, animal with subclinical infections are potentially infectious to sand flies. The factors determining susceptibility or resistence to visceral leishmaniasis remain unclear, but the genetics of the host may play a major role. Clinical signs are: intermittent fever, hepatosplenomegaly, skin lesions and ulcers, alopecia, onychogryphosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia and hypergammaglobulinemia. In mice, the outcome of infection depends on the polarized activation of one of two subsets of CD4+ T cells, Th1 or Th2, the subdivision into Th1 and Th2 cells is based on the pattern of cytokines that they produce. Th1 cells produce gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin -2 (IL-2), whereas Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. An important difference between susceptible and resistant mice is that the resistant mice are able to switch to a Th1 profile and control the disease. An important factor in the decision to form a Th1 or Th2 phenotype is the early cytokine environment, and IL-12 is one of the cytokines that contributes significantly to the establishment of the Th1 phenotype. Canine leishmaniosis is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and, in most cases is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum. The main clinical findings are skin lesions, local or generalized lymphoadenopathy, loss of body weight, glomerulopathy, ocular lesions, epistaxis and lameness. Non pruritic skin lesions are the usual manifestation and several forms have been described, such as exfoliative dermatitis and alopecia, and ulcerative, nodular and pustular dermatitis. Seroepidemiological studies of canine leishmaniasis have revealed a large number of asymptomatic seropositive animals. Moreover in areas where leishmaniasis is highly endemic, high proportion of apparently healthy animals show low levels of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Others have regressive forms of the desease, and their antibody levels will decrease in the following months or years; still others maintain low levels of antibodies without developing the desease for many years. However, the total number of infected animals is unknown. Canine leishmaniasis is a major zoonosic parasitic disease, enzootic in the Mediterranean area, caused by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania infantum. The dog is the main reservoir host of the parasite. However, most infected dogs do not present any clinical signs, and there is evidence that Leishmania infection prevalence rates in areas of endemicity are higher than those ascertained by serological studies. Visceral leishmaniasis is becoming a real problem of public health because it is an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients and in human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects. The detection of the extent of the infection, particularly among asymptomatic dogs, is of great importance for the control of leishmaniasis. PCR has been applied successfully in recent years to detect Leishmania spp. even in the cases with any of the clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis. Very recently, real-time PCR for Leishmania has been applied to evaluate the parasitic load of dog tissues both at the time of the diagnosis and during follow-up of the therapy and to measure cytokine mRNA levels in different clinical samples of infected and uninfected dogs. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15305723/ | 4577 | Parassitologia | ||||||
| 2874 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | Proceeding | Term | Proceeding | title | 111486 | Global trends in emerging zoonotic diseases. Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Zoonotic Diseases. Cairo, Egypt. October 15-17, 2009 | 201011 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21275155/ | 281 | 0924-8579 | International journal of antimicrobial agents | Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers | |||||
| 17491 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | subset | Term | subset | abstract | 97126 | [Interpretation of laboratory data during cryptic leishmaniasis in dog] | A E Gravino | 200406 | pubmed | !! Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis caused by an intracellular parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania. In Europe, Africa, South America and China, visceral leishmaniasis is caused by L. infantum. The vectors of leishmaniasis are phlebotomine sandflies belonging to the genera Phlebotomus. According to the World Health Organization there are 2 million new cases each year and 1/10 of the world's population is at risk of infection. Leishmaniasis is considered a zoonosis and human are generally accidental hosts. The animal reservoir includes rodents, dog and other mammals. Several studies have indicate that half of the dogs with antileishmanial antibodies have no signs of disease although, animal with subclinical infections are potentially infectious to sand flies. The factors determining susceptibility or resistence to visceral leishmaniasis remain unclear, but the genetics of the host may play a major role. Clinical signs are: intermittent fever, hepatosplenomegaly, skin lesions and ulcers, alopecia, onychogryphosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia and hypergammaglobulinemia. In mice, the outcome of infection depends on the polarized activation of one of two subsets of CD4+ T cells, Th1 or Th2, the subdivision into Th1 and Th2 cells is based on the pattern of cytokines that they produce. Th1 cells produce gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin -2 (IL-2), whereas Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. An important difference between susceptible and resistant mice is that the resistant mice are able to switch to a Th1 profile and control the disease. An important factor in the decision to form a Th1 or Th2 phenotype is the early cytokine environment, and IL-12 is one of the cytokines that contributes significantly to the establishment of the Th1 phenotype. Canine leishmaniosis is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and, in most cases is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum. The main clinical findings are skin lesions, local or generalized lymphoadenopathy, loss of body weight, glomerulopathy, ocular lesions, epistaxis and lameness. Non pruritic skin lesions are the usual manifestation and several forms have been described, such as exfoliative dermatitis and alopecia, and ulcerative, nodular and pustular dermatitis. Seroepidemiological studies of canine leishmaniasis have revealed a large number of asymptomatic seropositive animals. Moreover in areas where leishmaniasis is highly endemic, high proportion of apparently healthy animals show low levels of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Others have regressive forms of the desease, and their antibody levels will decrease in the following months or years; still others maintain low levels of antibodies without developing the desease for many years. However, the total number of infected animals is unknown. Canine leishmaniasis is a major zoonosic parasitic disease, enzootic in the Mediterranean area, caused by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania infantum. The dog is the main reservoir host of the parasite. However, most infected dogs do not present any clinical signs, and there is evidence that Leishmania infection prevalence rates in areas of endemicity are higher than those ascertained by serological studies. Visceral leishmaniasis is becoming a real problem of public health because it is an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients and in human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects. The detection of the extent of the infection, particularly among asymptomatic dogs, is of great importance for the control of leishmaniasis. PCR has been applied successfully in recent years to detect Leishmania spp. even in the cases with any of the clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis. Very recently, real-time PCR for Leishmania has been applied to evaluate the parasitic load of dog tissues both at the time of the diagnosis and during follow-up of the therapy and to measure cytokine mRNA levels in different clinical samples of infected and uninfected dogs. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15305723/ | 4577 | Parassitologia | ||||||
| 7259 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | schizophrenia | Disease | schizophrenia | abstract | 정신분열증 | 101383 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.003 | A decade of discoveries in veterinary protozoology changes our concept of subclinical toxoplasmosis | Milton M McAllister | 200509 | Review | pubmed | !! One of the most compelling topics to emerge from the last decade of veterinary protozoology is disease caused by a zoonotic pathogen, Toxoplasma gondii, in otherwise healthy people. These findings may catch the health professions by surprise, because veterinary and medical courses and textbooks typically emphasize that T. gondii infections are subclinical, unless acquired in utero or the patient has a serious immunosuppressive condition. Nevertheless, numerous reports in the last decade associate toxoplasmosis with lymphadenopathy, fever, weakness and debilitation, ophthalmitis, and severe multisystemic infections in people who do not have immunosuppressive conditions. Toxoplasmosis in rodents causes altered behavior, and similar mental aberrations are coming to light in humans; recent studies associate T. gondii infection with personality shifts and increased likelihood of reduced intelligence or schizophrenia. These conditions reduce the quality of life of individuals, and may exact a significant economic burden upon society. Of course, toxoplasmosis continues to cause serious conditions in AIDS patients and congenitally infected people, as well as abortions and encephalitis in domestic and wild animals. Environmental contamination is heavy enough to extend into marine wildlife. It is time for the health professions to amend teaching curricula regarding T. gondii. Veterinary parasitologists should lead the way in developing methods to reduce the prevalence of T. gondii in food animals. Public health policies should prohibit the practice of allowing pet cats to roam. Organizations and individuals that feed feral cats are unwittingly contributing to the dissemination of T. gondii, by sustaining artificially dense populations of a definitive host of this protozoal parasite. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16095840/ | 4503 | 0304-4017 | Veterinary parasitology | Amsterdam : Elsevier. | |
| 17503 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | ulcers | Disease | ulcers | abstract | 궤양 | 97126 | [Interpretation of laboratory data during cryptic leishmaniasis in dog] | A E Gravino | 200406 | pubmed | !! Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis caused by an intracellular parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania. In Europe, Africa, South America and China, visceral leishmaniasis is caused by L. infantum. The vectors of leishmaniasis are phlebotomine sandflies belonging to the genera Phlebotomus. According to the World Health Organization there are 2 million new cases each year and 1/10 of the world's population is at risk of infection. Leishmaniasis is considered a zoonosis and human are generally accidental hosts. The animal reservoir includes rodents, dog and other mammals. Several studies have indicate that half of the dogs with antileishmanial antibodies have no signs of disease although, animal with subclinical infections are potentially infectious to sand flies. The factors determining susceptibility or resistence to visceral leishmaniasis remain unclear, but the genetics of the host may play a major role. Clinical signs are: intermittent fever, hepatosplenomegaly, skin lesions and ulcers, alopecia, onychogryphosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia and hypergammaglobulinemia. In mice, the outcome of infection depends on the polarized activation of one of two subsets of CD4+ T cells, Th1 or Th2, the subdivision into Th1 and Th2 cells is based on the pattern of cytokines that they produce. Th1 cells produce gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin -2 (IL-2), whereas Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. An important difference between susceptible and resistant mice is that the resistant mice are able to switch to a Th1 profile and control the disease. An important factor in the decision to form a Th1 or Th2 phenotype is the early cytokine environment, and IL-12 is one of the cytokines that contributes significantly to the establishment of the Th1 phenotype. Canine leishmaniosis is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and, in most cases is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum. The main clinical findings are skin lesions, local or generalized lymphoadenopathy, loss of body weight, glomerulopathy, ocular lesions, epistaxis and lameness. Non pruritic skin lesions are the usual manifestation and several forms have been described, such as exfoliative dermatitis and alopecia, and ulcerative, nodular and pustular dermatitis. Seroepidemiological studies of canine leishmaniasis have revealed a large number of asymptomatic seropositive animals. Moreover in areas where leishmaniasis is highly endemic, high proportion of apparently healthy animals show low levels of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Others have regressive forms of the desease, and their antibody levels will decrease in the following months or years; still others maintain low levels of antibodies without developing the desease for many years. However, the total number of infected animals is unknown. Canine leishmaniasis is a major zoonosic parasitic disease, enzootic in the Mediterranean area, caused by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania infantum. The dog is the main reservoir host of the parasite. However, most infected dogs do not present any clinical signs, and there is evidence that Leishmania infection prevalence rates in areas of endemicity are higher than those ascertained by serological studies. Visceral leishmaniasis is becoming a real problem of public health because it is an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients and in human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects. The detection of the extent of the infection, particularly among asymptomatic dogs, is of great importance for the control of leishmaniasis. PCR has been applied successfully in recent years to detect Leishmania spp. even in the cases with any of the clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis. Very recently, real-time PCR for Leishmania has been applied to evaluate the parasitic load of dog tissues both at the time of the diagnosis and during follow-up of the therapy and to measure cytokine mRNA levels in different clinical samples of infected and uninfected dogs. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15305723/ | 4577 | Parassitologia | |||||
| 17505 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | vector | Term | vector | abstract | 벡터 | 97126 | [Interpretation of laboratory data during cryptic leishmaniasis in dog] | A E Gravino | 200406 | pubmed | !! Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis caused by an intracellular parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania. In Europe, Africa, South America and China, visceral leishmaniasis is caused by L. infantum. The vectors of leishmaniasis are phlebotomine sandflies belonging to the genera Phlebotomus. According to the World Health Organization there are 2 million new cases each year and 1/10 of the world's population is at risk of infection. Leishmaniasis is considered a zoonosis and human are generally accidental hosts. The animal reservoir includes rodents, dog and other mammals. Several studies have indicate that half of the dogs with antileishmanial antibodies have no signs of disease although, animal with subclinical infections are potentially infectious to sand flies. The factors determining susceptibility or resistence to visceral leishmaniasis remain unclear, but the genetics of the host may play a major role. Clinical signs are: intermittent fever, hepatosplenomegaly, skin lesions and ulcers, alopecia, onychogryphosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia and hypergammaglobulinemia. In mice, the outcome of infection depends on the polarized activation of one of two subsets of CD4+ T cells, Th1 or Th2, the subdivision into Th1 and Th2 cells is based on the pattern of cytokines that they produce. Th1 cells produce gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin -2 (IL-2), whereas Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. An important difference between susceptible and resistant mice is that the resistant mice are able to switch to a Th1 profile and control the disease. An important factor in the decision to form a Th1 or Th2 phenotype is the early cytokine environment, and IL-12 is one of the cytokines that contributes significantly to the establishment of the Th1 phenotype. Canine leishmaniosis is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and, in most cases is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum. The main clinical findings are skin lesions, local or generalized lymphoadenopathy, loss of body weight, glomerulopathy, ocular lesions, epistaxis and lameness. Non pruritic skin lesions are the usual manifestation and several forms have been described, such as exfoliative dermatitis and alopecia, and ulcerative, nodular and pustular dermatitis. Seroepidemiological studies of canine leishmaniasis have revealed a large number of asymptomatic seropositive animals. Moreover in areas where leishmaniasis is highly endemic, high proportion of apparently healthy animals show low levels of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Others have regressive forms of the desease, and their antibody levels will decrease in the following months or years; still others maintain low levels of antibodies without developing the desease for many years. However, the total number of infected animals is unknown. Canine leishmaniasis is a major zoonosic parasitic disease, enzootic in the Mediterranean area, caused by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania infantum. The dog is the main reservoir host of the parasite. However, most infected dogs do not present any clinical signs, and there is evidence that Leishmania infection prevalence rates in areas of endemicity are higher than those ascertained by serological studies. Visceral leishmaniasis is becoming a real problem of public health because it is an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients and in human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects. The detection of the extent of the infection, particularly among asymptomatic dogs, is of great importance for the control of leishmaniasis. PCR has been applied successfully in recent years to detect Leishmania spp. even in the cases with any of the clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis. Very recently, real-time PCR for Leishmania has been applied to evaluate the parasitic load of dog tissues both at the time of the diagnosis and during follow-up of the therapy and to measure cytokine mRNA levels in different clinical samples of infected and uninfected dogs. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15305723/ | 4577 | Parassitologia | |||||
| 2960 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | risk | Term | risk | title | 위험 | 112218 | https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.d7286 | Report highlights public health risks of 'new companion animals' | 201111 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22102348/ | 613 | 0042-4900 | The Veterinary Record | [Oxford] : Wiley. | |||
| 22090 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | zoonose | Disease | zoonose | abstract | 인수공통전염병 | 90102 | [The principal arthropod vectors of disease. What are the risks of travellers' to be bitten? To be infected?] | M Coosemans|||A Van Gompel | 199801 | Review | pubmed | !! Many blood-sucking arthropods are potential vectors of disease. To become a vector, the arthropod must be susceptible to the infective agent and must survive the incubation period so as to transmit the pathogens to a host. While some arthropod associated diseases affect only man (e.g. malaria) most of these diseases are (anthropo-) zoonoses with man often an accidental host. The risk of contamination depends on the one hand on the biting behaviour of the vector, its biology and distribution, and on the other hand on the sites visited by the traveller, the length of his stay, his activities, the conditions of sleeping accommodation. The risk of contracting malaria is very high in tropical Africa, in the forest area of South America and South East Asia, in Papua New Guinea. Malaria can be prevented if measures (e.g. pyrethroid impregnated bed nets, repellents) are taken to avoid bites of Anopheline mosquitoes between sunset and sunrise, but appropriate chemoprophylaxis must not be neglected. Lethal cases of yellow fever among unvaccinated travellers still occur despite a strict international regulation on vaccination requirements. Dengue is a major health problem in intertropical areas. As no vaccine is available, personal protection measures are recommended against daytime-biting mosquitoes, including the use of protective clothing, repellents. Other arthropod borne diseases among travellers are less common but the risks increase during adventure trips (e.g. zoonotic leishmaniasis, tick-borne relapsing fever) and humanitarian actions (e.g. risk of louse-borne typhus during visits of overcrowded prisons). Tick-borne diseases receive nowadays more attention. These diseases are not only restricted to some occupations (farmers, veterinarians) but also ramblers and campers are at risk. Attached ticks should be removed rapidly and carefully, since several hours of attachment are needed for transmission of spirochetes of LYME disease. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10078389/ | 4324 | Bull Soc Pathol Exot | ||||
| 3106 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | AMR | Term | AMR | abstract | 112803 | https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2012_238 | Food Safety: at the center of a One Health approach for combating zoonoses | Peter R Wielinga|||Jørgen Schlundt | 201301 | Review | pubmed | !! Food Safety is at the center of One Health. Many, if not most, of all important zoonoses relate in some way to animals in the food production chain. Therefore, the food becomes an important vehicle for many, but not all, of these zoonotic pathogens. One of the major issues in food safety over the latest decennia has been the lack of cross-sectoral collaboration across the food production chain. Major food safety events have been significantly affected by the lack of collaboration between the animal health, the food control, and the human health sector. Examples range from BSE and E. coli outbreaks over dioxin crises to intentional melamine contamination. One Health formulates clearly both the need for and the benefit of cross-sectoral collaboration. In this chapter, we will focus on the human health risk related to zoonotic microorganisms present both in food animals and food from these animals, and typically transmitted to humans through food. We focus on these issues because they are very important in relation to the human disease burden, but also because this is the area where some experience of cross-sectoral collaboration already exist. Food related zoonoses can be separated in three major classes: parasites, bacteria, and viruses. While parasites often relate to very specific animal hosts and contribute significantly to the human disease burden, virus have often been related to major, well-published global outbreaks, e.g. SARS and avian- and swine-influenza. The bacterial zoonoses on the other hand often result in sporadic, but very wide-spread disease cases, resulting in a major disease burden in all countries, e.g. Salmonella and Campylobacter. Next to these traditional zoonotic problems, the use of antimicrobials in (food) animals has also caused the emergence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) zoonotic bacteria. It is important to realize the difference in the nature of disease epidemiology, as well as, in society's reaction to these diseases in different socio-economic settings. Some diseases have global epidemic-or pandemic-potential, resulting in dramatic action from international organizations and national agricultural-and health authorities in most countries, for instance as was the case with avian influenza. Other diseases relate to the industrialized food production chain and have been-in some settings-dealt with efficiently through farm-to-fork preventive action in the animal sector, e.g. Salmonella. Finally, an important group of zoonotic diseases are 'neglected diseases' in poor settings, while they have been basically eradicated in affluent economies through vaccination and culling policies in the animal sector, e.g. Brucella. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7121890/ | 3997 | 0070-217X | Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology | Heidelberg : Springer Verlag. | ||
| 3113 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | benefit | Institution | benefit | abstract | 112803 | https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2012_238 | Food Safety: at the center of a One Health approach for combating zoonoses | Peter R Wielinga|||Jørgen Schlundt | 201301 | Review | pubmed | !! Food Safety is at the center of One Health. Many, if not most, of all important zoonoses relate in some way to animals in the food production chain. Therefore, the food becomes an important vehicle for many, but not all, of these zoonotic pathogens. One of the major issues in food safety over the latest decennia has been the lack of cross-sectoral collaboration across the food production chain. Major food safety events have been significantly affected by the lack of collaboration between the animal health, the food control, and the human health sector. Examples range from BSE and E. coli outbreaks over dioxin crises to intentional melamine contamination. One Health formulates clearly both the need for and the benefit of cross-sectoral collaboration. In this chapter, we will focus on the human health risk related to zoonotic microorganisms present both in food animals and food from these animals, and typically transmitted to humans through food. We focus on these issues because they are very important in relation to the human disease burden, but also because this is the area where some experience of cross-sectoral collaboration already exist. Food related zoonoses can be separated in three major classes: parasites, bacteria, and viruses. While parasites often relate to very specific animal hosts and contribute significantly to the human disease burden, virus have often been related to major, well-published global outbreaks, e.g. SARS and avian- and swine-influenza. The bacterial zoonoses on the other hand often result in sporadic, but very wide-spread disease cases, resulting in a major disease burden in all countries, e.g. Salmonella and Campylobacter. Next to these traditional zoonotic problems, the use of antimicrobials in (food) animals has also caused the emergence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) zoonotic bacteria. It is important to realize the difference in the nature of disease epidemiology, as well as, in society's reaction to these diseases in different socio-economic settings. Some diseases have global epidemic-or pandemic-potential, resulting in dramatic action from international organizations and national agricultural-and health authorities in most countries, for instance as was the case with avian influenza. Other diseases relate to the industrialized food production chain and have been-in some settings-dealt with efficiently through farm-to-fork preventive action in the animal sector, e.g. Salmonella. Finally, an important group of zoonotic diseases are 'neglected diseases' in poor settings, while they have been basically eradicated in affluent economies through vaccination and culling policies in the animal sector, e.g. Brucella. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7121890/ | 3997 | 0070-217X | Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology | Heidelberg : Springer Verlag. | ||
| 3114 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | Brucella | Term | Brucella | abstract | 112803 | https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2012_238 | Food Safety: at the center of a One Health approach for combating zoonoses | Peter R Wielinga|||Jørgen Schlundt | 201301 | Review | pubmed | !! Food Safety is at the center of One Health. Many, if not most, of all important zoonoses relate in some way to animals in the food production chain. Therefore, the food becomes an important vehicle for many, but not all, of these zoonotic pathogens. One of the major issues in food safety over the latest decennia has been the lack of cross-sectoral collaboration across the food production chain. Major food safety events have been significantly affected by the lack of collaboration between the animal health, the food control, and the human health sector. Examples range from BSE and E. coli outbreaks over dioxin crises to intentional melamine contamination. One Health formulates clearly both the need for and the benefit of cross-sectoral collaboration. In this chapter, we will focus on the human health risk related to zoonotic microorganisms present both in food animals and food from these animals, and typically transmitted to humans through food. We focus on these issues because they are very important in relation to the human disease burden, but also because this is the area where some experience of cross-sectoral collaboration already exist. Food related zoonoses can be separated in three major classes: parasites, bacteria, and viruses. While parasites often relate to very specific animal hosts and contribute significantly to the human disease burden, virus have often been related to major, well-published global outbreaks, e.g. SARS and avian- and swine-influenza. The bacterial zoonoses on the other hand often result in sporadic, but very wide-spread disease cases, resulting in a major disease burden in all countries, e.g. Salmonella and Campylobacter. Next to these traditional zoonotic problems, the use of antimicrobials in (food) animals has also caused the emergence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) zoonotic bacteria. It is important to realize the difference in the nature of disease epidemiology, as well as, in society's reaction to these diseases in different socio-economic settings. Some diseases have global epidemic-or pandemic-potential, resulting in dramatic action from international organizations and national agricultural-and health authorities in most countries, for instance as was the case with avian influenza. Other diseases relate to the industrialized food production chain and have been-in some settings-dealt with efficiently through farm-to-fork preventive action in the animal sector, e.g. Salmonella. Finally, an important group of zoonotic diseases are 'neglected diseases' in poor settings, while they have been basically eradicated in affluent economies through vaccination and culling policies in the animal sector, e.g. Brucella. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7121890/ | 3997 | 0070-217X | Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology | Heidelberg : Springer Verlag. | ||
| 3116 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | Campylobacter | Term | Campylobacter | abstract | 112803 | https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2012_238 | Food Safety: at the center of a One Health approach for combating zoonoses | Peter R Wielinga|||Jørgen Schlundt | 201301 | Review | pubmed | !! Food Safety is at the center of One Health. Many, if not most, of all important zoonoses relate in some way to animals in the food production chain. Therefore, the food becomes an important vehicle for many, but not all, of these zoonotic pathogens. One of the major issues in food safety over the latest decennia has been the lack of cross-sectoral collaboration across the food production chain. Major food safety events have been significantly affected by the lack of collaboration between the animal health, the food control, and the human health sector. Examples range from BSE and E. coli outbreaks over dioxin crises to intentional melamine contamination. One Health formulates clearly both the need for and the benefit of cross-sectoral collaboration. In this chapter, we will focus on the human health risk related to zoonotic microorganisms present both in food animals and food from these animals, and typically transmitted to humans through food. We focus on these issues because they are very important in relation to the human disease burden, but also because this is the area where some experience of cross-sectoral collaboration already exist. Food related zoonoses can be separated in three major classes: parasites, bacteria, and viruses. While parasites often relate to very specific animal hosts and contribute significantly to the human disease burden, virus have often been related to major, well-published global outbreaks, e.g. SARS and avian- and swine-influenza. The bacterial zoonoses on the other hand often result in sporadic, but very wide-spread disease cases, resulting in a major disease burden in all countries, e.g. Salmonella and Campylobacter. Next to these traditional zoonotic problems, the use of antimicrobials in (food) animals has also caused the emergence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) zoonotic bacteria. It is important to realize the difference in the nature of disease epidemiology, as well as, in society's reaction to these diseases in different socio-economic settings. Some diseases have global epidemic-or pandemic-potential, resulting in dramatic action from international organizations and national agricultural-and health authorities in most countries, for instance as was the case with avian influenza. Other diseases relate to the industrialized food production chain and have been-in some settings-dealt with efficiently through farm-to-fork preventive action in the animal sector, e.g. Salmonella. Finally, an important group of zoonotic diseases are 'neglected diseases' in poor settings, while they have been basically eradicated in affluent economies through vaccination and culling policies in the animal sector, e.g. Brucella. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7121890/ | 3997 | 0070-217X | Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology | Heidelberg : Springer Verlag. | ||
| 3118 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | combating | Action | combating | title | 112803 | https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2012_238 | Food Safety: at the center of a One Health approach for combating zoonoses | Peter R Wielinga|||Jørgen Schlundt | 201301 | Review | pubmed | !! Food Safety is at the center of One Health. Many, if not most, of all important zoonoses relate in some way to animals in the food production chain. Therefore, the food becomes an important vehicle for many, but not all, of these zoonotic pathogens. One of the major issues in food safety over the latest decennia has been the lack of cross-sectoral collaboration across the food production chain. Major food safety events have been significantly affected by the lack of collaboration between the animal health, the food control, and the human health sector. Examples range from BSE and E. coli outbreaks over dioxin crises to intentional melamine contamination. One Health formulates clearly both the need for and the benefit of cross-sectoral collaboration. In this chapter, we will focus on the human health risk related to zoonotic microorganisms present both in food animals and food from these animals, and typically transmitted to humans through food. We focus on these issues because they are very important in relation to the human disease burden, but also because this is the area where some experience of cross-sectoral collaboration already exist. Food related zoonoses can be separated in three major classes: parasites, bacteria, and viruses. While parasites often relate to very specific animal hosts and contribute significantly to the human disease burden, virus have often been related to major, well-published global outbreaks, e.g. SARS and avian- and swine-influenza. The bacterial zoonoses on the other hand often result in sporadic, but very wide-spread disease cases, resulting in a major disease burden in all countries, e.g. Salmonella and Campylobacter. Next to these traditional zoonotic problems, the use of antimicrobials in (food) animals has also caused the emergence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) zoonotic bacteria. It is important to realize the difference in the nature of disease epidemiology, as well as, in society's reaction to these diseases in different socio-economic settings. Some diseases have global epidemic-or pandemic-potential, resulting in dramatic action from international organizations and national agricultural-and health authorities in most countries, for instance as was the case with avian influenza. Other diseases relate to the industrialized food production chain and have been-in some settings-dealt with efficiently through farm-to-fork preventive action in the animal sector, e.g. Salmonella. Finally, an important group of zoonotic diseases are 'neglected diseases' in poor settings, while they have been basically eradicated in affluent economies through vaccination and culling policies in the animal sector, e.g. Brucella. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/7121890/ | 3997 | 0070-217X | Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology | Heidelberg : Springer Verlag. | ||
| 2743 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | strain | Term | strain | title | 변이, 변종 | 110926 | Vaccination of chickens with influenza A/Turkey/Oregon/71 virus and immunity challenge exposure to five strains of fowl plague virus | W K Butterfield|||C H Campbell | 197801 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/287099/ | 5526 | Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc | |||||
| 4038 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | CC398 | Term | CC398 | title | 204006 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-017-2953-4 | Clinical case of cfr-positive MRSA CC398 in Belgium | H Paridaens|||J Coussement|||M A Argud?n|||B Delaere|||T-D Huang|||Y Glupczynski|||O Denis | 201708 | Case Reports | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28342123/ | 821 | 0934-9723 | European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infect | Berlin : Springer. | ||
| 6277 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | overcome | Action | overcome | abstract | 84612 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006215 | Comparative analysis estimates the relative frequencies of co-divergence and cross-species transmission within viral families | Jemma L. Geoghegan|||Sebasti?n Duch?ne|||Edward C. Holmes | 201702 | PMC | The cross-species transmission of viruses from one host species to another is responsible for the majority of emerging infections. However, it is unclear whether some virus families have a greater propensity to jump host species than others. If related viruses have an evolutionary history of co-divergence with their hosts there should be evidence of topological similarities between the virus and host phylogenetic trees, whereas host jumping generates incongruent tree topologies. By analyzing co-phylogenetic processes in 19 virus families and their eukaryotic hosts we provide a quantitative and comparative estimate of the relative frequency of virus-host co-divergence versus cross-species transmission among virus families. Notably, our analysis reveals that cross-species transmission is a near universal feature of the viruses analyzed here, with virus-host co-divergence occurring less frequently and always on a subset of viruses. Despite the overall high topological incongruence among virus and host phylogenies, the Hepadnaviridae , Polyomaviridae , Poxviridae , Papillomaviridae and Adenoviridae , all of which possess double-stranded DNA genomes, exhibited more frequent co-divergence than the other virus families studied here. At the other extreme, the virus and host trees for all the RNA viruses studied here, particularly the Rhabdoviridae and the Picornaviridae , displayed high levels of topological incongruence, indicative of frequent host switching. Overall, we show that cross-species transmission plays a major role in virus evolution, with all the virus families studied here having the potential to jump host species, and that increased sampling will likely reveal more instances of host jumping. Author summary Emerging infectious diseases are often characterized by host switching events, in which a pathogen jumps from its original host to infect a novel species. However, given the ecological and genetic barriers a virus must overcome to jump species and adapt to new hosts, it might be reasonable to assume that successful cross-species transmission is a relatively rare occurrence and that viruses are instead more likely to co-diverge with their hosts. Using a comparative co-phylogenetic analysis performed at the scale of virus family we have revealed that co-divergence is relatively infrequent among 19 diverse families of RNA and DNA viruses, such that cross-species transmission plays a central role in virus evolution. Host jumping was especially common in viruses with RNA genomes, and by drawing broad-scale comparisons our analysis reveals which virus families have a greater propensity to jump species barriers and hence successfully emerge in new hosts. Finally, our data suggest that sampling more viruses increases the likelihood of detecting host jumping events. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/5319820/ | 62 | 1553-7366 | PLoS Pathogens | San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science | |||
| 10832 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | contribute | Action | contribute | abstract | 80494 | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5288-x | Predicting risk of avian influenza a(H5N1) in Egypt: the creation of a community level metric | Ellen C. L. Geerlings|||Claire Heffernan | 201803 | Research Article | PMC | Background Efficient A(H5N1) control is unlikely to be based on epidemiological data alone. Such control depends on a thorough understanding and appreciation of the interconnectedness of epidemiological, social, and economic factors that contribute to A(H5N1) vulnerability. To date, the control of A(H5N1) in Egypt has been challenging. The disease has been endemic for more than 10?years with a dramatic increase in human cases between December 2014 and March 2015. Part of the problem has been a lack of understanding of the inter-play of drivers, conditions and motives that influence preventive behaviours at the household level. Methods To address this issue, the authors developed a Composite Risk Index (CRI) to inform decision-makers of critical epidemiological, livelihood, food security and risk perception factors that were found to contribute to A(H5N1) vulnerability at the community level. The CRI consists of seven constructs that were individually scored for each community. The seven constructs included poultry sales, previous flock exposure to A(H5N1), human risk probability, sense of control over the disease, preventative actions taken, level of household food insecurity and community norms toward certain handling and disposal practices. One hundred forty female poultry keepers across four governorates were interviewed in 2010 using a mix of random and purposive sampling techniques. A mixed method approach underpinned the analysis. The study used wealth ranking in order to help decision-makers in understanding the specific constraints of different wealth groups and aid better targeting of A(H5N1) control and prevention strategies. Results Poverty, widowhood and lack of education were among the factors associated with high risk scores. CRI scores in those villages where awareness raising had taken place were not significantly different compared to those villages where awareness raising had not taken place. Conclusions The aim of the tool is to enable targeting those communities that are likely to be highly vulnerable to A(H5N1) outbreaks and where control and awareness-raising efforts are expected to be most effective. In this manner, policy makers and practitioners will be able to better allocate limited resources to those communities most vulnerable to the negative impact of A(H5N1). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5288-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/5863456/ | 28 | 2474-7629 | BMC Public Health | London : BioMed Central | ||
| 3781 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | dog | Animal | dog | title | 116300 | https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.12276 | Ebola, dogs and a vaccine | Anne Jackson | 201412 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25577809/ | 1788 | 0005-0423 | Australian veterinary journal | Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell Pub. | |||
| 3895 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | participant | Patient | participant | abstract | 참가자 | 119908 | https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2015.1921 | Prevalence of Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Infections Among Afghan National Army Recruits in Afghanistan | Catherine S Todd|||Ghulam Farooq Mansoor|||Cyril Buhler|||Habiburrahman Rahimi|||Rohullah Zekria|||Stefan Fernandez|||Amy F W Mikhail|||Paul T Scott|||Samuel L Yingst | 201608 | pubmed | !!{{ Objective: }} To measure prevalence of prior/current Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum (PV and PF), Brucella spp. (BR), dengue virus (DENV), Leishmania donovani (visceral leishmaniasis; VL), and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus exposure among Afghan National Army (ANA) recruits. !!{{ Methods: }} Randomly chosen, nationally representative serum samples from consenting men aged 18-40 years and who were screened between February 2010 and January 2011 were tested, with ∼25 samples/province. Samples were screened for PV and PF antigens and VL antibody with rapid diagnostic tests. Reactive malaria screening results were confirmed with polymerase chain reaction assay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to screen for CCHF and DENV antibodies; reactive DENV samples were confirmed with the plaque-reduction neutralization test. BR screening and confirmatory testing was performed with slide and tube agglutination, respectively. Correlates of BR titres >1:80 were analyzed using logistic regression. !!{{ Results: }} Of 809 participants contributing specimens, 62% had previously lived outside Afghanistan, predominantly in Pakistan and Iran. CCHF (4.1%, n = 33), DENV (2.1%, n = 17), and VL (1.0%, n = 8) antibody prevalence was low. For PV and PF, only 7 out of 56 reactive samples had detectable nucleic acid. For BR, 8.0% (n = 65) of samples had screening titers >1:40, of which 83.1% had confirmatory titers >1:80. Participants from Kabul and surrounding provinces had lower odds (OR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.04-1.00) of BR antibody compared with other regions. !!{{ Conclusions: }} BR exposure was relatively common with a nearly national distribution, whereas geographic distribution for other pathogens aligned roughly with the expected vector distribution. Public health protection measures should include vector control, food safety, and enhanced diagnostics for acute febrile illness. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27304051/ | 627 | 1530-3667 | Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases | Larchmont, NY : Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. | ||
| 3897 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | plaque-reduction neutralization test | Test | plaque-reduction neutralization test | abstract | 119908 | https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2015.1921 | Prevalence of Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Infections Among Afghan National Army Recruits in Afghanistan | Catherine S Todd|||Ghulam Farooq Mansoor|||Cyril Buhler|||Habiburrahman Rahimi|||Rohullah Zekria|||Stefan Fernandez|||Amy F W Mikhail|||Paul T Scott|||Samuel L Yingst | 201608 | pubmed | !!{{ Objective: }} To measure prevalence of prior/current Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum (PV and PF), Brucella spp. (BR), dengue virus (DENV), Leishmania donovani (visceral leishmaniasis; VL), and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus exposure among Afghan National Army (ANA) recruits. !!{{ Methods: }} Randomly chosen, nationally representative serum samples from consenting men aged 18-40 years and who were screened between February 2010 and January 2011 were tested, with ∼25 samples/province. Samples were screened for PV and PF antigens and VL antibody with rapid diagnostic tests. Reactive malaria screening results were confirmed with polymerase chain reaction assay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to screen for CCHF and DENV antibodies; reactive DENV samples were confirmed with the plaque-reduction neutralization test. BR screening and confirmatory testing was performed with slide and tube agglutination, respectively. Correlates of BR titres >1:80 were analyzed using logistic regression. !!{{ Results: }} Of 809 participants contributing specimens, 62% had previously lived outside Afghanistan, predominantly in Pakistan and Iran. CCHF (4.1%, n = 33), DENV (2.1%, n = 17), and VL (1.0%, n = 8) antibody prevalence was low. For PV and PF, only 7 out of 56 reactive samples had detectable nucleic acid. For BR, 8.0% (n = 65) of samples had screening titers >1:40, of which 83.1% had confirmatory titers >1:80. Participants from Kabul and surrounding provinces had lower odds (OR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.04-1.00) of BR antibody compared with other regions. !!{{ Conclusions: }} BR exposure was relatively common with a nearly national distribution, whereas geographic distribution for other pathogens aligned roughly with the expected vector distribution. Public health protection measures should include vector control, food safety, and enhanced diagnostics for acute febrile illness. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27304051/ | 627 | 1530-3667 | Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases | Larchmont, NY : Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. | |||
| 3899 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | Plasmodium vivax | Term | Plasmodium vivax | abstract | 119908 | https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2015.1921 | Prevalence of Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Infections Among Afghan National Army Recruits in Afghanistan | Catherine S Todd|||Ghulam Farooq Mansoor|||Cyril Buhler|||Habiburrahman Rahimi|||Rohullah Zekria|||Stefan Fernandez|||Amy F W Mikhail|||Paul T Scott|||Samuel L Yingst | 201608 | pubmed | !!{{ Objective: }} To measure prevalence of prior/current Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum (PV and PF), Brucella spp. (BR), dengue virus (DENV), Leishmania donovani (visceral leishmaniasis; VL), and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus exposure among Afghan National Army (ANA) recruits. !!{{ Methods: }} Randomly chosen, nationally representative serum samples from consenting men aged 18-40 years and who were screened between February 2010 and January 2011 were tested, with ∼25 samples/province. Samples were screened for PV and PF antigens and VL antibody with rapid diagnostic tests. Reactive malaria screening results were confirmed with polymerase chain reaction assay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to screen for CCHF and DENV antibodies; reactive DENV samples were confirmed with the plaque-reduction neutralization test. BR screening and confirmatory testing was performed with slide and tube agglutination, respectively. Correlates of BR titres >1:80 were analyzed using logistic regression. !!{{ Results: }} Of 809 participants contributing specimens, 62% had previously lived outside Afghanistan, predominantly in Pakistan and Iran. CCHF (4.1%, n = 33), DENV (2.1%, n = 17), and VL (1.0%, n = 8) antibody prevalence was low. For PV and PF, only 7 out of 56 reactive samples had detectable nucleic acid. For BR, 8.0% (n = 65) of samples had screening titers >1:40, of which 83.1% had confirmatory titers >1:80. Participants from Kabul and surrounding provinces had lower odds (OR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.04-1.00) of BR antibody compared with other regions. !!{{ Conclusions: }} BR exposure was relatively common with a nearly national distribution, whereas geographic distribution for other pathogens aligned roughly with the expected vector distribution. Public health protection measures should include vector control, food safety, and enhanced diagnostics for acute febrile illness. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27304051/ | 627 | 1530-3667 | Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases | Larchmont, NY : Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. | |||
| 3862 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | Animal | Term | Animal | title | 동물 | 119641 | Message from the World Organisation for Animal Health | 201604 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27039412/ | 4046 | Wkly Epidemiol Rec | ||||||
| 8884 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | highlight | Action | highlight | abstract | 116780 | https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03395-14 | Origins and Evolutionary Dynamics of H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus | Henan Zhu|||Joseph Hughes|||Pablo R Murcia | 201505 | pubmed | !! Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are maintained mainly in wild birds, and despite frequent spillover infections of avian IAVs into mammals, only a small number of viruses have become established in mammalian hosts. A new H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) of avian origin emerged in Asia in the mid-2000s and is now circulating in dog populations of China and South Korea, and possibly in Thailand. The emergence of CIV provides new opportunities for zoonotic infections and interspecies transmission. We examined 14,764 complete IAV genomes together with all CIV genomes publicly available since its first isolation until 2013. We show that CIV may have originated as early as 1999 as a result of segment reassortment among Eurasian and North American avian IAV lineages. We also identified amino acid changes that might have played a role in CIV emergence, some of which have not been previously identified in other cross-species jumps. CIV evolves at a lower rate than H3N2 human influenza viruses do, and viral phylogenies exhibit geographical structure compatible with high levels of local transmission. We detected multiple intrasubtypic and heterosubtypic reassortment events, including the acquisition of the NS segment of an H5N1 avian influenza virus that had previously been overlooked. In sum, our results provide insight into the adaptive changes required by avian viruses to establish themselves in mammals and also highlight the potential role of dogs to act as intermediate hosts in which viruses with zoonotic and/or pandemic potential could originate, particularly with an estimated dog population of ∼ 700 million. !!{{ Importance: }} Influenza A viruses circulate in humans and animals. This multihost ecology has important implications, as past pandemics were caused by IAVs carrying gene segments of both human and animal origin. Adaptive evolution is central to cross-species jumps, and this is why understanding the evolutionary processes that shape influenza A virus genomes is key to elucidating the mechanisms underpinning viral emergence. An avian-origin canine influenza virus (CIV) has recently emerged in dogs and is spreading in Asia. We reconstructed the evolutionary history of CIV and show that it originated from both Eurasian and North American avian lineages. We also identified the mutations that might have been responsible for the cross-species jump. Finally, we provide evidence of multiple reassortment events between CIV and other influenza viruses (including an H5N1 avian virus). This is a cause for concern, as there is a large global dog population to which humans are highly exposed. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/4442499/ | 81 | 0022-538X | Journal of Virology | Washington Dc : American Society For Microbiology. | |||
| 6287 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | relative frequency | Term | relative frequency | title | 84612 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006215 | Comparative analysis estimates the relative frequencies of co-divergence and cross-species transmission within viral families | Jemma L. Geoghegan|||Sebasti?n Duch?ne|||Edward C. Holmes | 201702 | PMC | The cross-species transmission of viruses from one host species to another is responsible for the majority of emerging infections. However, it is unclear whether some virus families have a greater propensity to jump host species than others. If related viruses have an evolutionary history of co-divergence with their hosts there should be evidence of topological similarities between the virus and host phylogenetic trees, whereas host jumping generates incongruent tree topologies. By analyzing co-phylogenetic processes in 19 virus families and their eukaryotic hosts we provide a quantitative and comparative estimate of the relative frequency of virus-host co-divergence versus cross-species transmission among virus families. Notably, our analysis reveals that cross-species transmission is a near universal feature of the viruses analyzed here, with virus-host co-divergence occurring less frequently and always on a subset of viruses. Despite the overall high topological incongruence among virus and host phylogenies, the Hepadnaviridae , Polyomaviridae , Poxviridae , Papillomaviridae and Adenoviridae , all of which possess double-stranded DNA genomes, exhibited more frequent co-divergence than the other virus families studied here. At the other extreme, the virus and host trees for all the RNA viruses studied here, particularly the Rhabdoviridae and the Picornaviridae , displayed high levels of topological incongruence, indicative of frequent host switching. Overall, we show that cross-species transmission plays a major role in virus evolution, with all the virus families studied here having the potential to jump host species, and that increased sampling will likely reveal more instances of host jumping. Author summary Emerging infectious diseases are often characterized by host switching events, in which a pathogen jumps from its original host to infect a novel species. However, given the ecological and genetic barriers a virus must overcome to jump species and adapt to new hosts, it might be reasonable to assume that successful cross-species transmission is a relatively rare occurrence and that viruses are instead more likely to co-diverge with their hosts. Using a comparative co-phylogenetic analysis performed at the scale of virus family we have revealed that co-divergence is relatively infrequent among 19 diverse families of RNA and DNA viruses, such that cross-species transmission plays a central role in virus evolution. Host jumping was especially common in viruses with RNA genomes, and by drawing broad-scale comparisons our analysis reveals which virus families have a greater propensity to jump species barriers and hence successfully emerge in new hosts. Finally, our data suggest that sampling more viruses increases the likelihood of detecting host jumping events. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/5319820/ | 62 | 1553-7366 | PLoS Pathogens | San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science | |||
| 6289 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | reveal | Action | reveal | abstract | 84612 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006215 | Comparative analysis estimates the relative frequencies of co-divergence and cross-species transmission within viral families | Jemma L. Geoghegan|||Sebasti?n Duch?ne|||Edward C. Holmes | 201702 | PMC | The cross-species transmission of viruses from one host species to another is responsible for the majority of emerging infections. However, it is unclear whether some virus families have a greater propensity to jump host species than others. If related viruses have an evolutionary history of co-divergence with their hosts there should be evidence of topological similarities between the virus and host phylogenetic trees, whereas host jumping generates incongruent tree topologies. By analyzing co-phylogenetic processes in 19 virus families and their eukaryotic hosts we provide a quantitative and comparative estimate of the relative frequency of virus-host co-divergence versus cross-species transmission among virus families. Notably, our analysis reveals that cross-species transmission is a near universal feature of the viruses analyzed here, with virus-host co-divergence occurring less frequently and always on a subset of viruses. Despite the overall high topological incongruence among virus and host phylogenies, the Hepadnaviridae , Polyomaviridae , Poxviridae , Papillomaviridae and Adenoviridae , all of which possess double-stranded DNA genomes, exhibited more frequent co-divergence than the other virus families studied here. At the other extreme, the virus and host trees for all the RNA viruses studied here, particularly the Rhabdoviridae and the Picornaviridae , displayed high levels of topological incongruence, indicative of frequent host switching. Overall, we show that cross-species transmission plays a major role in virus evolution, with all the virus families studied here having the potential to jump host species, and that increased sampling will likely reveal more instances of host jumping. Author summary Emerging infectious diseases are often characterized by host switching events, in which a pathogen jumps from its original host to infect a novel species. However, given the ecological and genetic barriers a virus must overcome to jump species and adapt to new hosts, it might be reasonable to assume that successful cross-species transmission is a relatively rare occurrence and that viruses are instead more likely to co-diverge with their hosts. Using a comparative co-phylogenetic analysis performed at the scale of virus family we have revealed that co-divergence is relatively infrequent among 19 diverse families of RNA and DNA viruses, such that cross-species transmission plays a central role in virus evolution. Host jumping was especially common in viruses with RNA genomes, and by drawing broad-scale comparisons our analysis reveals which virus families have a greater propensity to jump species barriers and hence successfully emerge in new hosts. Finally, our data suggest that sampling more viruses increases the likelihood of detecting host jumping events. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/5319820/ | 62 | 1553-7366 | PLoS Pathogens | San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science | |||
| 4471 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | Emergence | Term | Emergence | title | 응급 | 204835 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2018.04.004 | Emergence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Should it be a concern? | Chih-Jung Chen|||Yhu-Chering Huang | 201808 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29754805/ | 894 | 0929-6646 | Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiw | Singapore : Formosan Medical Association, Elsevier. | ||
| 5227 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | Urban lake | Term | urban lake | author | 207200 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100701 | Philophthalmus gralli in domestic waterfowl: An environmental study in an urban area from Brazil | Jordana Costa Alves de Assis|||Eduardo Pulido-Murillo|||Alan Lane de Melo|||Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins|||Hudson Alves Pinto | 202204 | pubmed | !! Philophthalmosis is a zoonotic ocular disease that affects mainly domestic and wild avian species in different parts of the world. However, aspects related to its epizoology in domestic animals are not completely known. In the present study, 47 Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), 8 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) and 6 African geese (Anser cygnoides), free-living in an urban lake in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, were evaluated for eye fluke infection. The animals were manually contained, and the conjunctival sac and nictitating membrane were evaluated by direct ophthalmic examination (DOE), in which the fluke burden was estimated by a semiquantitative scale. Moreover, the conjunctival sac lavage (CSL) technique was applied for the search of parasite eggs. When possible, the detected trematodes were carefully removed for fixed for taxonomic identification. In order to characterize the parasite-host-environmental system, malacological collections were performed at the locality, and the collected intermediate host mollusks (Melanoides tuberculata) were evaluated for infection with larval philophthalmids. In addition, wild vertebrates found dead in the locality, including one common gallinule (Gallinula galeata) and two capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), were necropsied for the search of eye flukes. Samples from the developmental stages obtained from the hosts were subjected to morphological and molecular studies (amplification and sequencing of a partial region of the Nad-1 gene). In the DOE, the presence of eye flukes was verified in 67% (4/6), 31% (15/47) and 25% (2/8) in geese, Muscovy ducks and mallards, respectively. In most cases, the birds showed mild parasitism (1-5 trematodes), with no apparent eye damage, characterizing a subclinical infection. In only one goose, which had a high fluke burden (20 trematodes), it was possible to obtain eggs by CSL. Regarding the malacological survey, 73/4545 (1.6%) specimens of M. tuberculata evaluated were found infected with megalurous cercariae, compatible with representatives of the family Philophthalmidae. Additionally, 147 flukes were recovered from a specimen of G. galeata found dead at the lake. The morphological and molecular study of parasites obtained from different hosts evaluated in this study enabled the identification of Philophthalmus gralli, a species native from Asia and introduced in the Americas. Factors such as the wide distribution of the intermediate host and the participation of domestic and wild reservoirs in the parasite transmission chain may favor the occurrence of parasite spillover from wild to domestic birds. Furthermore, the occurrence of the life cycle of P. gralli in an urban waterbody serves as an alert to the possibility of human cases of this zoonotic eye parasite. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35256126/ | 2703 | Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports | |||||
| 4473 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | Staphylococcus | Term | Staphylococcus | title | 포도상구균 | 204835 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2018.04.004 | Emergence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Should it be a concern? | Chih-Jung Chen|||Yhu-Chering Huang | 201808 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29754805/ | 894 | 0929-6646 | Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiw | Singapore : Formosan Medical Association, Elsevier. | ||
| 4433 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | disease | Disease | disease | abstract | 질병 | 204806 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.057 | The re-emerging of orf virus infection: A call for surveillance, vaccination and effective control measures | Jamilu Abubakar Bala|||Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan|||Ashwaq Ahmed Abdullah|||Ramlan Mohamed|||Abd Wahid Haron|||Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse|||Mustapha M Noordin|||Mohd Lila Mohd-Azmi | 201807 | Review | pubmed | !! Orf disease is known to be enzootic among small ruminants in Asia, Africa, and some other parts of the world. The disease caused by orf virus is highly contagious among small ruminant species. Unfortunately, it has been neglected for decades because of the general belief that it only causes a self-limiting disease. On the other hand, in the past it has been reported to cause huge cumulative financial losses in livestock farming. Orf disease is characterized by localized proliferative and persistent skin nodule lesions that can be classified into three forms: generalized, labial and mammary or genitals. It can manifest as benign or malignant types. The later type of orf can remain persistent, often fatal and usually causes a serious outbreak among small ruminant population. Morbidity and mortality rates of orf are higher especially in newly infected kids and lambs. Application of antibiotics together with antipyretic and/or analgesic is highly recommended as a supportive disease management strategy for prevention of subsequent secondary microbial invasion. The presence of various exotic orf virus strains of different origin has been reported in many countries mostly due to poorly controlled cross-border virus transmission. There have been several efforts to develop orf virus vaccines and it was with variable success. The use of conventional vaccines to control orf is a debatable topic due to the concern of short term immunity development. Following re-infection in previously vaccinated animals, it is uncommon to observe the farms involved to experience rapid virus spread and disease outbreak. Meanwhile, cases of zoonosis from infected animals to animal handler are not uncommon. Despite failures to contain the spread of orf virus by the use of conventional vaccines, vaccination of animals with live orf virus is still considered as one of the best choice. The review herein described pertinent issues with regard to the development and use of potential effective vaccines as a control measure against orf virus infection. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29709684/ | 348 | 0882-4010 | Microbial pathogenesis | London ; Orlando : Academic Press | |
| 4445 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | involved | Action | involved | abstract | 204806 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.057 | The re-emerging of orf virus infection: A call for surveillance, vaccination and effective control measures | Jamilu Abubakar Bala|||Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan|||Ashwaq Ahmed Abdullah|||Ramlan Mohamed|||Abd Wahid Haron|||Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse|||Mustapha M Noordin|||Mohd Lila Mohd-Azmi | 201807 | Review | pubmed | !! Orf disease is known to be enzootic among small ruminants in Asia, Africa, and some other parts of the world. The disease caused by orf virus is highly contagious among small ruminant species. Unfortunately, it has been neglected for decades because of the general belief that it only causes a self-limiting disease. On the other hand, in the past it has been reported to cause huge cumulative financial losses in livestock farming. Orf disease is characterized by localized proliferative and persistent skin nodule lesions that can be classified into three forms: generalized, labial and mammary or genitals. It can manifest as benign or malignant types. The later type of orf can remain persistent, often fatal and usually causes a serious outbreak among small ruminant population. Morbidity and mortality rates of orf are higher especially in newly infected kids and lambs. Application of antibiotics together with antipyretic and/or analgesic is highly recommended as a supportive disease management strategy for prevention of subsequent secondary microbial invasion. The presence of various exotic orf virus strains of different origin has been reported in many countries mostly due to poorly controlled cross-border virus transmission. There have been several efforts to develop orf virus vaccines and it was with variable success. The use of conventional vaccines to control orf is a debatable topic due to the concern of short term immunity development. Following re-infection in previously vaccinated animals, it is uncommon to observe the farms involved to experience rapid virus spread and disease outbreak. Meanwhile, cases of zoonosis from infected animals to animal handler are not uncommon. Despite failures to contain the spread of orf virus by the use of conventional vaccines, vaccination of animals with live orf virus is still considered as one of the best choice. The review herein described pertinent issues with regard to the development and use of potential effective vaccines as a control measure against orf virus infection. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29709684/ | 348 | 0882-4010 | Microbial pathogenesis | London ; Orlando : Academic Press | ||
| 4418 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | Africa | Region | Africa | abstract | 아프리카 | 204806 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.057 | The re-emerging of orf virus infection: A call for surveillance, vaccination and effective control measures | Jamilu Abubakar Bala|||Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan|||Ashwaq Ahmed Abdullah|||Ramlan Mohamed|||Abd Wahid Haron|||Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse|||Mustapha M Noordin|||Mohd Lila Mohd-Azmi | 201807 | Review | pubmed | !! Orf disease is known to be enzootic among small ruminants in Asia, Africa, and some other parts of the world. The disease caused by orf virus is highly contagious among small ruminant species. Unfortunately, it has been neglected for decades because of the general belief that it only causes a self-limiting disease. On the other hand, in the past it has been reported to cause huge cumulative financial losses in livestock farming. Orf disease is characterized by localized proliferative and persistent skin nodule lesions that can be classified into three forms: generalized, labial and mammary or genitals. It can manifest as benign or malignant types. The later type of orf can remain persistent, often fatal and usually causes a serious outbreak among small ruminant population. Morbidity and mortality rates of orf are higher especially in newly infected kids and lambs. Application of antibiotics together with antipyretic and/or analgesic is highly recommended as a supportive disease management strategy for prevention of subsequent secondary microbial invasion. The presence of various exotic orf virus strains of different origin has been reported in many countries mostly due to poorly controlled cross-border virus transmission. There have been several efforts to develop orf virus vaccines and it was with variable success. The use of conventional vaccines to control orf is a debatable topic due to the concern of short term immunity development. Following re-infection in previously vaccinated animals, it is uncommon to observe the farms involved to experience rapid virus spread and disease outbreak. Meanwhile, cases of zoonosis from infected animals to animal handler are not uncommon. Despite failures to contain the spread of orf virus by the use of conventional vaccines, vaccination of animals with live orf virus is still considered as one of the best choice. The review herein described pertinent issues with regard to the development and use of potential effective vaccines as a control measure against orf virus infection. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29709684/ | 348 | 0882-4010 | Microbial pathogenesis | London ; Orlando : Academic Press | |
| 8889 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | implications | Term | implications | abstract | 116780 | https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03395-14 | Origins and Evolutionary Dynamics of H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus | Henan Zhu|||Joseph Hughes|||Pablo R Murcia | 201505 | pubmed | !! Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are maintained mainly in wild birds, and despite frequent spillover infections of avian IAVs into mammals, only a small number of viruses have become established in mammalian hosts. A new H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) of avian origin emerged in Asia in the mid-2000s and is now circulating in dog populations of China and South Korea, and possibly in Thailand. The emergence of CIV provides new opportunities for zoonotic infections and interspecies transmission. We examined 14,764 complete IAV genomes together with all CIV genomes publicly available since its first isolation until 2013. We show that CIV may have originated as early as 1999 as a result of segment reassortment among Eurasian and North American avian IAV lineages. We also identified amino acid changes that might have played a role in CIV emergence, some of which have not been previously identified in other cross-species jumps. CIV evolves at a lower rate than H3N2 human influenza viruses do, and viral phylogenies exhibit geographical structure compatible with high levels of local transmission. We detected multiple intrasubtypic and heterosubtypic reassortment events, including the acquisition of the NS segment of an H5N1 avian influenza virus that had previously been overlooked. In sum, our results provide insight into the adaptive changes required by avian viruses to establish themselves in mammals and also highlight the potential role of dogs to act as intermediate hosts in which viruses with zoonotic and/or pandemic potential could originate, particularly with an estimated dog population of ∼ 700 million. !!{{ Importance: }} Influenza A viruses circulate in humans and animals. This multihost ecology has important implications, as past pandemics were caused by IAVs carrying gene segments of both human and animal origin. Adaptive evolution is central to cross-species jumps, and this is why understanding the evolutionary processes that shape influenza A virus genomes is key to elucidating the mechanisms underpinning viral emergence. An avian-origin canine influenza virus (CIV) has recently emerged in dogs and is spreading in Asia. We reconstructed the evolutionary history of CIV and show that it originated from both Eurasian and North American avian lineages. We also identified the mutations that might have been responsible for the cross-species jump. Finally, we provide evidence of multiple reassortment events between CIV and other influenza viruses (including an H5N1 avian virus). This is a cause for concern, as there is a large global dog population to which humans are highly exposed. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/4442499/ | 81 | 0022-538X | Journal of Virology | Washington Dc : American Society For Microbiology. | |||
| 8890 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | infection | Symptom | infection | abstract | 감염 | 116780 | https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03395-14 | Origins and Evolutionary Dynamics of H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus | Henan Zhu|||Joseph Hughes|||Pablo R Murcia | 201505 | pubmed | !! Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are maintained mainly in wild birds, and despite frequent spillover infections of avian IAVs into mammals, only a small number of viruses have become established in mammalian hosts. A new H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) of avian origin emerged in Asia in the mid-2000s and is now circulating in dog populations of China and South Korea, and possibly in Thailand. The emergence of CIV provides new opportunities for zoonotic infections and interspecies transmission. We examined 14,764 complete IAV genomes together with all CIV genomes publicly available since its first isolation until 2013. We show that CIV may have originated as early as 1999 as a result of segment reassortment among Eurasian and North American avian IAV lineages. We also identified amino acid changes that might have played a role in CIV emergence, some of which have not been previously identified in other cross-species jumps. CIV evolves at a lower rate than H3N2 human influenza viruses do, and viral phylogenies exhibit geographical structure compatible with high levels of local transmission. We detected multiple intrasubtypic and heterosubtypic reassortment events, including the acquisition of the NS segment of an H5N1 avian influenza virus that had previously been overlooked. In sum, our results provide insight into the adaptive changes required by avian viruses to establish themselves in mammals and also highlight the potential role of dogs to act as intermediate hosts in which viruses with zoonotic and/or pandemic potential could originate, particularly with an estimated dog population of ∼ 700 million. !!{{ Importance: }} Influenza A viruses circulate in humans and animals. This multihost ecology has important implications, as past pandemics were caused by IAVs carrying gene segments of both human and animal origin. Adaptive evolution is central to cross-species jumps, and this is why understanding the evolutionary processes that shape influenza A virus genomes is key to elucidating the mechanisms underpinning viral emergence. An avian-origin canine influenza virus (CIV) has recently emerged in dogs and is spreading in Asia. We reconstructed the evolutionary history of CIV and show that it originated from both Eurasian and North American avian lineages. We also identified the mutations that might have been responsible for the cross-species jump. Finally, we provide evidence of multiple reassortment events between CIV and other influenza viruses (including an H5N1 avian virus). This is a cause for concern, as there is a large global dog population to which humans are highly exposed. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/4442499/ | 81 | 0022-538X | Journal of Virology | Washington Dc : American Society For Microbiology. | ||
| 5507 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | Sporotrichosis | Term | Sporotrichosis | title | 210280 | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1994.tb01512.x | Sporotrichosis in man and animal | A H Werner|||B E Werner | 199410 | Review | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8002136/ | 882 | 0011-9059 | International journal of dermatology | Oxford : Blackwell Science. | ||
| 5509 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | condition | Term | condition | title | 210353 | [The importance of epidemiological diagnosis in the prevention of natural-focus infections (based on work experience with troops under the conditions of a mountainous desert locale)] | I M Chizh|||G S Orlov | 199309 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8236903/ | 4078 | Voen Med Zh | ||||||
| 5511 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | epidemiological | Term | epidemiological | title | 유행병학 | 210353 | [The importance of epidemiological diagnosis in the prevention of natural-focus infections (based on work experience with troops under the conditions of a mountainous desert locale)] | I M Chizh|||G S Orlov | 199309 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8236903/ | 4078 | Voen Med Zh | |||||
| 6291 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | RNA | Molecule | RNA | abstract | 리보핵산 | 84612 | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006215 | Comparative analysis estimates the relative frequencies of co-divergence and cross-species transmission within viral families | Jemma L. Geoghegan|||Sebasti?n Duch?ne|||Edward C. Holmes | 201702 | PMC | The cross-species transmission of viruses from one host species to another is responsible for the majority of emerging infections. However, it is unclear whether some virus families have a greater propensity to jump host species than others. If related viruses have an evolutionary history of co-divergence with their hosts there should be evidence of topological similarities between the virus and host phylogenetic trees, whereas host jumping generates incongruent tree topologies. By analyzing co-phylogenetic processes in 19 virus families and their eukaryotic hosts we provide a quantitative and comparative estimate of the relative frequency of virus-host co-divergence versus cross-species transmission among virus families. Notably, our analysis reveals that cross-species transmission is a near universal feature of the viruses analyzed here, with virus-host co-divergence occurring less frequently and always on a subset of viruses. Despite the overall high topological incongruence among virus and host phylogenies, the Hepadnaviridae , Polyomaviridae , Poxviridae , Papillomaviridae and Adenoviridae , all of which possess double-stranded DNA genomes, exhibited more frequent co-divergence than the other virus families studied here. At the other extreme, the virus and host trees for all the RNA viruses studied here, particularly the Rhabdoviridae and the Picornaviridae , displayed high levels of topological incongruence, indicative of frequent host switching. Overall, we show that cross-species transmission plays a major role in virus evolution, with all the virus families studied here having the potential to jump host species, and that increased sampling will likely reveal more instances of host jumping. Author summary Emerging infectious diseases are often characterized by host switching events, in which a pathogen jumps from its original host to infect a novel species. However, given the ecological and genetic barriers a virus must overcome to jump species and adapt to new hosts, it might be reasonable to assume that successful cross-species transmission is a relatively rare occurrence and that viruses are instead more likely to co-diverge with their hosts. Using a comparative co-phylogenetic analysis performed at the scale of virus family we have revealed that co-divergence is relatively infrequent among 19 diverse families of RNA and DNA viruses, such that cross-species transmission plays a central role in virus evolution. Host jumping was especially common in viruses with RNA genomes, and by drawing broad-scale comparisons our analysis reveals which virus families have a greater propensity to jump species barriers and hence successfully emerge in new hosts. Finally, our data suggest that sampling more viruses increases the likelihood of detecting host jumping events. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/5319820/ | 62 | 1553-7366 | PLoS Pathogens | San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science | ||
| 4686 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | disease | Disease | disease | title | 질병 | 205371 | [Q fever as a disease of humans and animals] | Z Anusz|||J Knap | 198812 | Review | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3076653/ | 4986 | Pol Tyg Lek | ||||
| 5190 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | environmental | Term | environmental | title | 환경 | 207200 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100701 | Philophthalmus gralli in domestic waterfowl: An environmental study in an urban area from Brazil | Jordana Costa Alves de Assis|||Eduardo Pulido-Murillo|||Alan Lane de Melo|||Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins|||Hudson Alves Pinto | 202204 | pubmed | !! Philophthalmosis is a zoonotic ocular disease that affects mainly domestic and wild avian species in different parts of the world. However, aspects related to its epizoology in domestic animals are not completely known. In the present study, 47 Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), 8 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) and 6 African geese (Anser cygnoides), free-living in an urban lake in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, were evaluated for eye fluke infection. The animals were manually contained, and the conjunctival sac and nictitating membrane were evaluated by direct ophthalmic examination (DOE), in which the fluke burden was estimated by a semiquantitative scale. Moreover, the conjunctival sac lavage (CSL) technique was applied for the search of parasite eggs. When possible, the detected trematodes were carefully removed for fixed for taxonomic identification. In order to characterize the parasite-host-environmental system, malacological collections were performed at the locality, and the collected intermediate host mollusks (Melanoides tuberculata) were evaluated for infection with larval philophthalmids. In addition, wild vertebrates found dead in the locality, including one common gallinule (Gallinula galeata) and two capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), were necropsied for the search of eye flukes. Samples from the developmental stages obtained from the hosts were subjected to morphological and molecular studies (amplification and sequencing of a partial region of the Nad-1 gene). In the DOE, the presence of eye flukes was verified in 67% (4/6), 31% (15/47) and 25% (2/8) in geese, Muscovy ducks and mallards, respectively. In most cases, the birds showed mild parasitism (1-5 trematodes), with no apparent eye damage, characterizing a subclinical infection. In only one goose, which had a high fluke burden (20 trematodes), it was possible to obtain eggs by CSL. Regarding the malacological survey, 73/4545 (1.6%) specimens of M. tuberculata evaluated were found infected with megalurous cercariae, compatible with representatives of the family Philophthalmidae. Additionally, 147 flukes were recovered from a specimen of G. galeata found dead at the lake. The morphological and molecular study of parasites obtained from different hosts evaluated in this study enabled the identification of Philophthalmus gralli, a species native from Asia and introduced in the Americas. Factors such as the wide distribution of the intermediate host and the participation of domestic and wild reservoirs in the parasite transmission chain may favor the occurrence of parasite spillover from wild to domestic birds. Furthermore, the occurrence of the life cycle of P. gralli in an urban waterbody serves as an alert to the possibility of human cases of this zoonotic eye parasite. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35256126/ | 2703 | Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports | ||||
| 5195 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | fixed | Action | fixed | abstract | 207200 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100701 | Philophthalmus gralli in domestic waterfowl: An environmental study in an urban area from Brazil | Jordana Costa Alves de Assis|||Eduardo Pulido-Murillo|||Alan Lane de Melo|||Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins|||Hudson Alves Pinto | 202204 | pubmed | !! Philophthalmosis is a zoonotic ocular disease that affects mainly domestic and wild avian species in different parts of the world. However, aspects related to its epizoology in domestic animals are not completely known. In the present study, 47 Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), 8 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) and 6 African geese (Anser cygnoides), free-living in an urban lake in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, were evaluated for eye fluke infection. The animals were manually contained, and the conjunctival sac and nictitating membrane were evaluated by direct ophthalmic examination (DOE), in which the fluke burden was estimated by a semiquantitative scale. Moreover, the conjunctival sac lavage (CSL) technique was applied for the search of parasite eggs. When possible, the detected trematodes were carefully removed for fixed for taxonomic identification. In order to characterize the parasite-host-environmental system, malacological collections were performed at the locality, and the collected intermediate host mollusks (Melanoides tuberculata) were evaluated for infection with larval philophthalmids. In addition, wild vertebrates found dead in the locality, including one common gallinule (Gallinula galeata) and two capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), were necropsied for the search of eye flukes. Samples from the developmental stages obtained from the hosts were subjected to morphological and molecular studies (amplification and sequencing of a partial region of the Nad-1 gene). In the DOE, the presence of eye flukes was verified in 67% (4/6), 31% (15/47) and 25% (2/8) in geese, Muscovy ducks and mallards, respectively. In most cases, the birds showed mild parasitism (1-5 trematodes), with no apparent eye damage, characterizing a subclinical infection. In only one goose, which had a high fluke burden (20 trematodes), it was possible to obtain eggs by CSL. Regarding the malacological survey, 73/4545 (1.6%) specimens of M. tuberculata evaluated were found infected with megalurous cercariae, compatible with representatives of the family Philophthalmidae. Additionally, 147 flukes were recovered from a specimen of G. galeata found dead at the lake. The morphological and molecular study of parasites obtained from different hosts evaluated in this study enabled the identification of Philophthalmus gralli, a species native from Asia and introduced in the Americas. Factors such as the wide distribution of the intermediate host and the participation of domestic and wild reservoirs in the parasite transmission chain may favor the occurrence of parasite spillover from wild to domestic birds. Furthermore, the occurrence of the life cycle of P. gralli in an urban waterbody serves as an alert to the possibility of human cases of this zoonotic eye parasite. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35256126/ | 2703 | Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports | |||||
| 5210 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | molecular | Molecule | molecular | abstract | 생물학적 | 207200 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100701 | Philophthalmus gralli in domestic waterfowl: An environmental study in an urban area from Brazil | Jordana Costa Alves de Assis|||Eduardo Pulido-Murillo|||Alan Lane de Melo|||Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins|||Hudson Alves Pinto | 202204 | pubmed | !! Philophthalmosis is a zoonotic ocular disease that affects mainly domestic and wild avian species in different parts of the world. However, aspects related to its epizoology in domestic animals are not completely known. In the present study, 47 Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), 8 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) and 6 African geese (Anser cygnoides), free-living in an urban lake in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, were evaluated for eye fluke infection. The animals were manually contained, and the conjunctival sac and nictitating membrane were evaluated by direct ophthalmic examination (DOE), in which the fluke burden was estimated by a semiquantitative scale. Moreover, the conjunctival sac lavage (CSL) technique was applied for the search of parasite eggs. When possible, the detected trematodes were carefully removed for fixed for taxonomic identification. In order to characterize the parasite-host-environmental system, malacological collections were performed at the locality, and the collected intermediate host mollusks (Melanoides tuberculata) were evaluated for infection with larval philophthalmids. In addition, wild vertebrates found dead in the locality, including one common gallinule (Gallinula galeata) and two capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), were necropsied for the search of eye flukes. Samples from the developmental stages obtained from the hosts were subjected to morphological and molecular studies (amplification and sequencing of a partial region of the Nad-1 gene). In the DOE, the presence of eye flukes was verified in 67% (4/6), 31% (15/47) and 25% (2/8) in geese, Muscovy ducks and mallards, respectively. In most cases, the birds showed mild parasitism (1-5 trematodes), with no apparent eye damage, characterizing a subclinical infection. In only one goose, which had a high fluke burden (20 trematodes), it was possible to obtain eggs by CSL. Regarding the malacological survey, 73/4545 (1.6%) specimens of M. tuberculata evaluated were found infected with megalurous cercariae, compatible with representatives of the family Philophthalmidae. Additionally, 147 flukes were recovered from a specimen of G. galeata found dead at the lake. The morphological and molecular study of parasites obtained from different hosts evaluated in this study enabled the identification of Philophthalmus gralli, a species native from Asia and introduced in the Americas. Factors such as the wide distribution of the intermediate host and the participation of domestic and wild reservoirs in the parasite transmission chain may favor the occurrence of parasite spillover from wild to domestic birds. Furthermore, the occurrence of the life cycle of P. gralli in an urban waterbody serves as an alert to the possibility of human cases of this zoonotic eye parasite. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35256126/ | 2703 | Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports | ||||
| 5212 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | Muscovy duck | Term | Muscovy duck | abstract | 207200 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100701 | Philophthalmus gralli in domestic waterfowl: An environmental study in an urban area from Brazil | Jordana Costa Alves de Assis|||Eduardo Pulido-Murillo|||Alan Lane de Melo|||Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins|||Hudson Alves Pinto | 202204 | pubmed | !! Philophthalmosis is a zoonotic ocular disease that affects mainly domestic and wild avian species in different parts of the world. However, aspects related to its epizoology in domestic animals are not completely known. In the present study, 47 Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), 8 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) and 6 African geese (Anser cygnoides), free-living in an urban lake in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, were evaluated for eye fluke infection. The animals were manually contained, and the conjunctival sac and nictitating membrane were evaluated by direct ophthalmic examination (DOE), in which the fluke burden was estimated by a semiquantitative scale. Moreover, the conjunctival sac lavage (CSL) technique was applied for the search of parasite eggs. When possible, the detected trematodes were carefully removed for fixed for taxonomic identification. In order to characterize the parasite-host-environmental system, malacological collections were performed at the locality, and the collected intermediate host mollusks (Melanoides tuberculata) were evaluated for infection with larval philophthalmids. In addition, wild vertebrates found dead in the locality, including one common gallinule (Gallinula galeata) and two capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), were necropsied for the search of eye flukes. Samples from the developmental stages obtained from the hosts were subjected to morphological and molecular studies (amplification and sequencing of a partial region of the Nad-1 gene). In the DOE, the presence of eye flukes was verified in 67% (4/6), 31% (15/47) and 25% (2/8) in geese, Muscovy ducks and mallards, respectively. In most cases, the birds showed mild parasitism (1-5 trematodes), with no apparent eye damage, characterizing a subclinical infection. In only one goose, which had a high fluke burden (20 trematodes), it was possible to obtain eggs by CSL. Regarding the malacological survey, 73/4545 (1.6%) specimens of M. tuberculata evaluated were found infected with megalurous cercariae, compatible with representatives of the family Philophthalmidae. Additionally, 147 flukes were recovered from a specimen of G. galeata found dead at the lake. The morphological and molecular study of parasites obtained from different hosts evaluated in this study enabled the identification of Philophthalmus gralli, a species native from Asia and introduced in the Americas. Factors such as the wide distribution of the intermediate host and the participation of domestic and wild reservoirs in the parasite transmission chain may favor the occurrence of parasite spillover from wild to domestic birds. Furthermore, the occurrence of the life cycle of P. gralli in an urban waterbody serves as an alert to the possibility of human cases of this zoonotic eye parasite. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35256126/ | 2703 | Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports | |||||
| 5214 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | ocular disease | Disease | ocular disease | abstract | 207200 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100701 | Philophthalmus gralli in domestic waterfowl: An environmental study in an urban area from Brazil | Jordana Costa Alves de Assis|||Eduardo Pulido-Murillo|||Alan Lane de Melo|||Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins|||Hudson Alves Pinto | 202204 | pubmed | !! Philophthalmosis is a zoonotic ocular disease that affects mainly domestic and wild avian species in different parts of the world. However, aspects related to its epizoology in domestic animals are not completely known. In the present study, 47 Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), 8 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) and 6 African geese (Anser cygnoides), free-living in an urban lake in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, were evaluated for eye fluke infection. The animals were manually contained, and the conjunctival sac and nictitating membrane were evaluated by direct ophthalmic examination (DOE), in which the fluke burden was estimated by a semiquantitative scale. Moreover, the conjunctival sac lavage (CSL) technique was applied for the search of parasite eggs. When possible, the detected trematodes were carefully removed for fixed for taxonomic identification. In order to characterize the parasite-host-environmental system, malacological collections were performed at the locality, and the collected intermediate host mollusks (Melanoides tuberculata) were evaluated for infection with larval philophthalmids. In addition, wild vertebrates found dead in the locality, including one common gallinule (Gallinula galeata) and two capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), were necropsied for the search of eye flukes. Samples from the developmental stages obtained from the hosts were subjected to morphological and molecular studies (amplification and sequencing of a partial region of the Nad-1 gene). In the DOE, the presence of eye flukes was verified in 67% (4/6), 31% (15/47) and 25% (2/8) in geese, Muscovy ducks and mallards, respectively. In most cases, the birds showed mild parasitism (1-5 trematodes), with no apparent eye damage, characterizing a subclinical infection. In only one goose, which had a high fluke burden (20 trematodes), it was possible to obtain eggs by CSL. Regarding the malacological survey, 73/4545 (1.6%) specimens of M. tuberculata evaluated were found infected with megalurous cercariae, compatible with representatives of the family Philophthalmidae. Additionally, 147 flukes were recovered from a specimen of G. galeata found dead at the lake. The morphological and molecular study of parasites obtained from different hosts evaluated in this study enabled the identification of Philophthalmus gralli, a species native from Asia and introduced in the Americas. Factors such as the wide distribution of the intermediate host and the participation of domestic and wild reservoirs in the parasite transmission chain may favor the occurrence of parasite spillover from wild to domestic birds. Furthermore, the occurrence of the life cycle of P. gralli in an urban waterbody serves as an alert to the possibility of human cases of this zoonotic eye parasite. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35256126/ | 2703 | Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports | |||||
| 5216 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | parasite | Term | parasite | abstract | 기생충 | 207200 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100701 | Philophthalmus gralli in domestic waterfowl: An environmental study in an urban area from Brazil | Jordana Costa Alves de Assis|||Eduardo Pulido-Murillo|||Alan Lane de Melo|||Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins|||Hudson Alves Pinto | 202204 | pubmed | !! Philophthalmosis is a zoonotic ocular disease that affects mainly domestic and wild avian species in different parts of the world. However, aspects related to its epizoology in domestic animals are not completely known. In the present study, 47 Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), 8 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) and 6 African geese (Anser cygnoides), free-living in an urban lake in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, were evaluated for eye fluke infection. The animals were manually contained, and the conjunctival sac and nictitating membrane were evaluated by direct ophthalmic examination (DOE), in which the fluke burden was estimated by a semiquantitative scale. Moreover, the conjunctival sac lavage (CSL) technique was applied for the search of parasite eggs. When possible, the detected trematodes were carefully removed for fixed for taxonomic identification. In order to characterize the parasite-host-environmental system, malacological collections were performed at the locality, and the collected intermediate host mollusks (Melanoides tuberculata) were evaluated for infection with larval philophthalmids. In addition, wild vertebrates found dead in the locality, including one common gallinule (Gallinula galeata) and two capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), were necropsied for the search of eye flukes. Samples from the developmental stages obtained from the hosts were subjected to morphological and molecular studies (amplification and sequencing of a partial region of the Nad-1 gene). In the DOE, the presence of eye flukes was verified in 67% (4/6), 31% (15/47) and 25% (2/8) in geese, Muscovy ducks and mallards, respectively. In most cases, the birds showed mild parasitism (1-5 trematodes), with no apparent eye damage, characterizing a subclinical infection. In only one goose, which had a high fluke burden (20 trematodes), it was possible to obtain eggs by CSL. Regarding the malacological survey, 73/4545 (1.6%) specimens of M. tuberculata evaluated were found infected with megalurous cercariae, compatible with representatives of the family Philophthalmidae. Additionally, 147 flukes were recovered from a specimen of G. galeata found dead at the lake. The morphological and molecular study of parasites obtained from different hosts evaluated in this study enabled the identification of Philophthalmus gralli, a species native from Asia and introduced in the Americas. Factors such as the wide distribution of the intermediate host and the participation of domestic and wild reservoirs in the parasite transmission chain may favor the occurrence of parasite spillover from wild to domestic birds. Furthermore, the occurrence of the life cycle of P. gralli in an urban waterbody serves as an alert to the possibility of human cases of this zoonotic eye parasite. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35256126/ | 2703 | Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports | ||||
| 5218 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | performed | Action | performed | abstract | 207200 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100701 | Philophthalmus gralli in domestic waterfowl: An environmental study in an urban area from Brazil | Jordana Costa Alves de Assis|||Eduardo Pulido-Murillo|||Alan Lane de Melo|||Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins|||Hudson Alves Pinto | 202204 | pubmed | !! Philophthalmosis is a zoonotic ocular disease that affects mainly domestic and wild avian species in different parts of the world. However, aspects related to its epizoology in domestic animals are not completely known. In the present study, 47 Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), 8 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) and 6 African geese (Anser cygnoides), free-living in an urban lake in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, were evaluated for eye fluke infection. The animals were manually contained, and the conjunctival sac and nictitating membrane were evaluated by direct ophthalmic examination (DOE), in which the fluke burden was estimated by a semiquantitative scale. Moreover, the conjunctival sac lavage (CSL) technique was applied for the search of parasite eggs. When possible, the detected trematodes were carefully removed for fixed for taxonomic identification. In order to characterize the parasite-host-environmental system, malacological collections were performed at the locality, and the collected intermediate host mollusks (Melanoides tuberculata) were evaluated for infection with larval philophthalmids. In addition, wild vertebrates found dead in the locality, including one common gallinule (Gallinula galeata) and two capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), were necropsied for the search of eye flukes. Samples from the developmental stages obtained from the hosts were subjected to morphological and molecular studies (amplification and sequencing of a partial region of the Nad-1 gene). In the DOE, the presence of eye flukes was verified in 67% (4/6), 31% (15/47) and 25% (2/8) in geese, Muscovy ducks and mallards, respectively. In most cases, the birds showed mild parasitism (1-5 trematodes), with no apparent eye damage, characterizing a subclinical infection. In only one goose, which had a high fluke burden (20 trematodes), it was possible to obtain eggs by CSL. Regarding the malacological survey, 73/4545 (1.6%) specimens of M. tuberculata evaluated were found infected with megalurous cercariae, compatible with representatives of the family Philophthalmidae. Additionally, 147 flukes were recovered from a specimen of G. galeata found dead at the lake. The morphological and molecular study of parasites obtained from different hosts evaluated in this study enabled the identification of Philophthalmus gralli, a species native from Asia and introduced in the Americas. Factors such as the wide distribution of the intermediate host and the participation of domestic and wild reservoirs in the parasite transmission chain may favor the occurrence of parasite spillover from wild to domestic birds. Furthermore, the occurrence of the life cycle of P. gralli in an urban waterbody serves as an alert to the possibility of human cases of this zoonotic eye parasite. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35256126/ | 2703 | Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports | |||||
| 5220 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | Sample | Term | Sample | abstract | 표본 | 207200 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100701 | Philophthalmus gralli in domestic waterfowl: An environmental study in an urban area from Brazil | Jordana Costa Alves de Assis|||Eduardo Pulido-Murillo|||Alan Lane de Melo|||Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins|||Hudson Alves Pinto | 202204 | pubmed | !! Philophthalmosis is a zoonotic ocular disease that affects mainly domestic and wild avian species in different parts of the world. However, aspects related to its epizoology in domestic animals are not completely known. In the present study, 47 Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), 8 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) and 6 African geese (Anser cygnoides), free-living in an urban lake in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, were evaluated for eye fluke infection. The animals were manually contained, and the conjunctival sac and nictitating membrane were evaluated by direct ophthalmic examination (DOE), in which the fluke burden was estimated by a semiquantitative scale. Moreover, the conjunctival sac lavage (CSL) technique was applied for the search of parasite eggs. When possible, the detected trematodes were carefully removed for fixed for taxonomic identification. In order to characterize the parasite-host-environmental system, malacological collections were performed at the locality, and the collected intermediate host mollusks (Melanoides tuberculata) were evaluated for infection with larval philophthalmids. In addition, wild vertebrates found dead in the locality, including one common gallinule (Gallinula galeata) and two capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), were necropsied for the search of eye flukes. Samples from the developmental stages obtained from the hosts were subjected to morphological and molecular studies (amplification and sequencing of a partial region of the Nad-1 gene). In the DOE, the presence of eye flukes was verified in 67% (4/6), 31% (15/47) and 25% (2/8) in geese, Muscovy ducks and mallards, respectively. In most cases, the birds showed mild parasitism (1-5 trematodes), with no apparent eye damage, characterizing a subclinical infection. In only one goose, which had a high fluke burden (20 trematodes), it was possible to obtain eggs by CSL. Regarding the malacological survey, 73/4545 (1.6%) specimens of M. tuberculata evaluated were found infected with megalurous cercariae, compatible with representatives of the family Philophthalmidae. Additionally, 147 flukes were recovered from a specimen of G. galeata found dead at the lake. The morphological and molecular study of parasites obtained from different hosts evaluated in this study enabled the identification of Philophthalmus gralli, a species native from Asia and introduced in the Americas. Factors such as the wide distribution of the intermediate host and the participation of domestic and wild reservoirs in the parasite transmission chain may favor the occurrence of parasite spillover from wild to domestic birds. Furthermore, the occurrence of the life cycle of P. gralli in an urban waterbody serves as an alert to the possibility of human cases of this zoonotic eye parasite. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35256126/ | 2703 | Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports | ||||
| 5222 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | specimen | Term | specimen | abstract | 표본 | 207200 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100701 | Philophthalmus gralli in domestic waterfowl: An environmental study in an urban area from Brazil | Jordana Costa Alves de Assis|||Eduardo Pulido-Murillo|||Alan Lane de Melo|||Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins|||Hudson Alves Pinto | 202204 | pubmed | !! Philophthalmosis is a zoonotic ocular disease that affects mainly domestic and wild avian species in different parts of the world. However, aspects related to its epizoology in domestic animals are not completely known. In the present study, 47 Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), 8 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) and 6 African geese (Anser cygnoides), free-living in an urban lake in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, were evaluated for eye fluke infection. The animals were manually contained, and the conjunctival sac and nictitating membrane were evaluated by direct ophthalmic examination (DOE), in which the fluke burden was estimated by a semiquantitative scale. Moreover, the conjunctival sac lavage (CSL) technique was applied for the search of parasite eggs. When possible, the detected trematodes were carefully removed for fixed for taxonomic identification. In order to characterize the parasite-host-environmental system, malacological collections were performed at the locality, and the collected intermediate host mollusks (Melanoides tuberculata) were evaluated for infection with larval philophthalmids. In addition, wild vertebrates found dead in the locality, including one common gallinule (Gallinula galeata) and two capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), were necropsied for the search of eye flukes. Samples from the developmental stages obtained from the hosts were subjected to morphological and molecular studies (amplification and sequencing of a partial region of the Nad-1 gene). In the DOE, the presence of eye flukes was verified in 67% (4/6), 31% (15/47) and 25% (2/8) in geese, Muscovy ducks and mallards, respectively. In most cases, the birds showed mild parasitism (1-5 trematodes), with no apparent eye damage, characterizing a subclinical infection. In only one goose, which had a high fluke burden (20 trematodes), it was possible to obtain eggs by CSL. Regarding the malacological survey, 73/4545 (1.6%) specimens of M. tuberculata evaluated were found infected with megalurous cercariae, compatible with representatives of the family Philophthalmidae. Additionally, 147 flukes were recovered from a specimen of G. galeata found dead at the lake. The morphological and molecular study of parasites obtained from different hosts evaluated in this study enabled the identification of Philophthalmus gralli, a species native from Asia and introduced in the Americas. Factors such as the wide distribution of the intermediate host and the participation of domestic and wild reservoirs in the parasite transmission chain may favor the occurrence of parasite spillover from wild to domestic birds. Furthermore, the occurrence of the life cycle of P. gralli in an urban waterbody serves as an alert to the possibility of human cases of this zoonotic eye parasite. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35256126/ | 2703 | Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports | ||||
| 5224 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | stage | Term | stage | abstract | 단 | 207200 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100701 | Philophthalmus gralli in domestic waterfowl: An environmental study in an urban area from Brazil | Jordana Costa Alves de Assis|||Eduardo Pulido-Murillo|||Alan Lane de Melo|||Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins|||Hudson Alves Pinto | 202204 | pubmed | !! Philophthalmosis is a zoonotic ocular disease that affects mainly domestic and wild avian species in different parts of the world. However, aspects related to its epizoology in domestic animals are not completely known. In the present study, 47 Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), 8 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) and 6 African geese (Anser cygnoides), free-living in an urban lake in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, were evaluated for eye fluke infection. The animals were manually contained, and the conjunctival sac and nictitating membrane were evaluated by direct ophthalmic examination (DOE), in which the fluke burden was estimated by a semiquantitative scale. Moreover, the conjunctival sac lavage (CSL) technique was applied for the search of parasite eggs. When possible, the detected trematodes were carefully removed for fixed for taxonomic identification. In order to characterize the parasite-host-environmental system, malacological collections were performed at the locality, and the collected intermediate host mollusks (Melanoides tuberculata) were evaluated for infection with larval philophthalmids. In addition, wild vertebrates found dead in the locality, including one common gallinule (Gallinula galeata) and two capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), were necropsied for the search of eye flukes. Samples from the developmental stages obtained from the hosts were subjected to morphological and molecular studies (amplification and sequencing of a partial region of the Nad-1 gene). In the DOE, the presence of eye flukes was verified in 67% (4/6), 31% (15/47) and 25% (2/8) in geese, Muscovy ducks and mallards, respectively. In most cases, the birds showed mild parasitism (1-5 trematodes), with no apparent eye damage, characterizing a subclinical infection. In only one goose, which had a high fluke burden (20 trematodes), it was possible to obtain eggs by CSL. Regarding the malacological survey, 73/4545 (1.6%) specimens of M. tuberculata evaluated were found infected with megalurous cercariae, compatible with representatives of the family Philophthalmidae. Additionally, 147 flukes were recovered from a specimen of G. galeata found dead at the lake. The morphological and molecular study of parasites obtained from different hosts evaluated in this study enabled the identification of Philophthalmus gralli, a species native from Asia and introduced in the Americas. Factors such as the wide distribution of the intermediate host and the participation of domestic and wild reservoirs in the parasite transmission chain may favor the occurrence of parasite spillover from wild to domestic birds. Furthermore, the occurrence of the life cycle of P. gralli in an urban waterbody serves as an alert to the possibility of human cases of this zoonotic eye parasite. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35256126/ | 2703 | Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports | ||||
| 5226 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | transmission chain | Term | transmission chain | abstract | 전송 체인 | 207200 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100701 | Philophthalmus gralli in domestic waterfowl: An environmental study in an urban area from Brazil | Jordana Costa Alves de Assis|||Eduardo Pulido-Murillo|||Alan Lane de Melo|||Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins|||Hudson Alves Pinto | 202204 | pubmed | !! Philophthalmosis is a zoonotic ocular disease that affects mainly domestic and wild avian species in different parts of the world. However, aspects related to its epizoology in domestic animals are not completely known. In the present study, 47 Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), 8 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) and 6 African geese (Anser cygnoides), free-living in an urban lake in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, were evaluated for eye fluke infection. The animals were manually contained, and the conjunctival sac and nictitating membrane were evaluated by direct ophthalmic examination (DOE), in which the fluke burden was estimated by a semiquantitative scale. Moreover, the conjunctival sac lavage (CSL) technique was applied for the search of parasite eggs. When possible, the detected trematodes were carefully removed for fixed for taxonomic identification. In order to characterize the parasite-host-environmental system, malacological collections were performed at the locality, and the collected intermediate host mollusks (Melanoides tuberculata) were evaluated for infection with larval philophthalmids. In addition, wild vertebrates found dead in the locality, including one common gallinule (Gallinula galeata) and two capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), were necropsied for the search of eye flukes. Samples from the developmental stages obtained from the hosts were subjected to morphological and molecular studies (amplification and sequencing of a partial region of the Nad-1 gene). In the DOE, the presence of eye flukes was verified in 67% (4/6), 31% (15/47) and 25% (2/8) in geese, Muscovy ducks and mallards, respectively. In most cases, the birds showed mild parasitism (1-5 trematodes), with no apparent eye damage, characterizing a subclinical infection. In only one goose, which had a high fluke burden (20 trematodes), it was possible to obtain eggs by CSL. Regarding the malacological survey, 73/4545 (1.6%) specimens of M. tuberculata evaluated were found infected with megalurous cercariae, compatible with representatives of the family Philophthalmidae. Additionally, 147 flukes were recovered from a specimen of G. galeata found dead at the lake. The morphological and molecular study of parasites obtained from different hosts evaluated in this study enabled the identification of Philophthalmus gralli, a species native from Asia and introduced in the Americas. Factors such as the wide distribution of the intermediate host and the participation of domestic and wild reservoirs in the parasite transmission chain may favor the occurrence of parasite spillover from wild to domestic birds. Furthermore, the occurrence of the life cycle of P. gralli in an urban waterbody serves as an alert to the possibility of human cases of this zoonotic eye parasite. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35256126/ | 2703 | Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports | ||||
| 5440 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | complete | Term | complete | abstract | 210211 | Cryptosporidia--who is at risk? | G T Keusch|||D Hamer|||A Joe|||M Kelley|||J Griffiths|||H Ward | 199505 | pubmed | !! Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian parasite originally described a century ago and, until recently, not considered to be a human pathogen. It has a complex life cycle, including both sexual and asexual reproduction, an auto-infectious cycle, and the ability to complete its development within a single host. The transmission form is a robust, environmentally resistant oocyst, excreted in the stool, which can exist for long periods of time in the environment. Because animals, in particular domesticated livestock, are its primary host, human infection is usually zoonotic. Oocysts often find their way into water supplies, and it resists chlorination and is incompletely filtered from processed drinking water supplies, even when filtration is working optimally. Transmission via ingestion of fecally contaminated swimming pool water, food, fomites, and sexual activities facilitating fecal-oral inoculation have been demonstrated. The major target of C. parvum in the host is the intestinal epithelial cell, resulting in diarrhea, sometimes profuse and persistent, although it may also infect other organs such as the gall bladder and lungs. Pathogenesis involves attachment, probably via a sporozoite lectin, invasion, probably involving apical organelles, replication within a parasitophorous vacuole with the host cell membrane, causing cellular dysfunction. Diagnosis is generally made by visualization of the oocyst form in stool by staining methods, the best of which appears to be auramine and fluorescence microscopy. Those at greatest risk are immunocompromised adults and children, especially those with AIDS, children in day care, travelers to endemic regions, dairy or cattle farm workers of their families or contacts, household contacts of cases or carriers, and possibly owners of infected dogs or cats or their neighbors. There is no specific therapy available, however in the immunocompetent host the illness is self-limited, lasting from a few days to 3 weeks, and long term carriage is uncommon. In the immunocompromised host, infection is prolonged, sometimes asymptomatic, but may result in chronic debilitating diarrhea with dehydration, malabsorption and wasting. Public health measures to reduce contamination of water supplies and vigilant surveillance will reduce the risk to populations. Reducing behaviors favoring fecal-oral transmission, such as certain sexual activities, and scrupulous hygiene in the day care setting would also reduce the likelihood of transmission but not eliminate it. Given our lack of knowledge about Cryptosporidium biology and pathogenesis, high priority should be given to research designed to increase our understanding of the organism and improve the chance of developing useful therapeutic or preventative drugs or strategies. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7770751/ | 4453 | Schweiz Med Wochenschr | ||||||
| 5392 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | bacteria | Term | bacteria | title | 세균 | 208656 | [Exposure of personnel to bacteria in mass poultry husbandry] | J K?sters|||W M?ller | 197001 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4912268/ | 5110 | Zentralbl Veterinarmed B | |||||
| 5403 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | therapy | Treatment | therapy | title | 치료 | 209236 | [Epidemiology, clinical aspects and therapy of toxoplasmosis] | M Alexander | 197002 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5534813/ | 4987 | Med Klin | |||||
| 5408 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | bovine | Term | bovine | title | 소 | 209606 | [An effective measure in the control of bovine brucellosis] | K H Scheffler | 196606 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6007213/ | 8031 | Monatsh Veterinarmed | |||||
| 5175 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | addition | Action | addition | abstract | 207200 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100701 | Philophthalmus gralli in domestic waterfowl: An environmental study in an urban area from Brazil | Jordana Costa Alves de Assis|||Eduardo Pulido-Murillo|||Alan Lane de Melo|||Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins|||Hudson Alves Pinto | 202204 | pubmed | !! Philophthalmosis is a zoonotic ocular disease that affects mainly domestic and wild avian species in different parts of the world. However, aspects related to its epizoology in domestic animals are not completely known. In the present study, 47 Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), 8 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) and 6 African geese (Anser cygnoides), free-living in an urban lake in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, were evaluated for eye fluke infection. The animals were manually contained, and the conjunctival sac and nictitating membrane were evaluated by direct ophthalmic examination (DOE), in which the fluke burden was estimated by a semiquantitative scale. Moreover, the conjunctival sac lavage (CSL) technique was applied for the search of parasite eggs. When possible, the detected trematodes were carefully removed for fixed for taxonomic identification. In order to characterize the parasite-host-environmental system, malacological collections were performed at the locality, and the collected intermediate host mollusks (Melanoides tuberculata) were evaluated for infection with larval philophthalmids. In addition, wild vertebrates found dead in the locality, including one common gallinule (Gallinula galeata) and two capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), were necropsied for the search of eye flukes. Samples from the developmental stages obtained from the hosts were subjected to morphological and molecular studies (amplification and sequencing of a partial region of the Nad-1 gene). In the DOE, the presence of eye flukes was verified in 67% (4/6), 31% (15/47) and 25% (2/8) in geese, Muscovy ducks and mallards, respectively. In most cases, the birds showed mild parasitism (1-5 trematodes), with no apparent eye damage, characterizing a subclinical infection. In only one goose, which had a high fluke burden (20 trematodes), it was possible to obtain eggs by CSL. Regarding the malacological survey, 73/4545 (1.6%) specimens of M. tuberculata evaluated were found infected with megalurous cercariae, compatible with representatives of the family Philophthalmidae. Additionally, 147 flukes were recovered from a specimen of G. galeata found dead at the lake. The morphological and molecular study of parasites obtained from different hosts evaluated in this study enabled the identification of Philophthalmus gralli, a species native from Asia and introduced in the Americas. Factors such as the wide distribution of the intermediate host and the participation of domestic and wild reservoirs in the parasite transmission chain may favor the occurrence of parasite spillover from wild to domestic birds. Furthermore, the occurrence of the life cycle of P. gralli in an urban waterbody serves as an alert to the possibility of human cases of this zoonotic eye parasite. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35256126/ | 2703 | Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports | |||||
| 5340 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | SARS-CoV-2 | Virus | SARS-CoV-2 | author | 제2형 중증급성호흡기증후군 코로나바이러스 | 207869 | https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-00998-y | COVID-origins data from Wuhan market published: what scientists think | Dyani Lewis|||Max Kozlov|||Mariana Lenharo | 202304 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37019959/ | 86 | 0021-9525 | Nature | New York : Rockefeller University Press. | ||
| 5378 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | salmonella infection | Term | Salmonella infection | title | 208593 | A note on salmonella infection in geckos (Gecco fascicularis) in Bangkok | C Dhiraputra|||B Chavalittamrong | 197903 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/483011/ | 4108 | Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health | ||||||
| 5537 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | Conference | Term | Conference | title | 210727 | Summary and conclusions: National Conference on Dog and Cat Control | 197606 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/931777/ | 4242 | 0003-1488 | Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association | Mar. 1975- : Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association. | |||||
| 8894 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | interspecies transmission | Term | interspecies transmission | abstract | 종간 전염 | 116780 | https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03395-14 | Origins and Evolutionary Dynamics of H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus | Henan Zhu|||Joseph Hughes|||Pablo R Murcia | 201505 | pubmed | !! Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are maintained mainly in wild birds, and despite frequent spillover infections of avian IAVs into mammals, only a small number of viruses have become established in mammalian hosts. A new H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) of avian origin emerged in Asia in the mid-2000s and is now circulating in dog populations of China and South Korea, and possibly in Thailand. The emergence of CIV provides new opportunities for zoonotic infections and interspecies transmission. We examined 14,764 complete IAV genomes together with all CIV genomes publicly available since its first isolation until 2013. We show that CIV may have originated as early as 1999 as a result of segment reassortment among Eurasian and North American avian IAV lineages. We also identified amino acid changes that might have played a role in CIV emergence, some of which have not been previously identified in other cross-species jumps. CIV evolves at a lower rate than H3N2 human influenza viruses do, and viral phylogenies exhibit geographical structure compatible with high levels of local transmission. We detected multiple intrasubtypic and heterosubtypic reassortment events, including the acquisition of the NS segment of an H5N1 avian influenza virus that had previously been overlooked. In sum, our results provide insight into the adaptive changes required by avian viruses to establish themselves in mammals and also highlight the potential role of dogs to act as intermediate hosts in which viruses with zoonotic and/or pandemic potential could originate, particularly with an estimated dog population of ∼ 700 million. !!{{ Importance: }} Influenza A viruses circulate in humans and animals. This multihost ecology has important implications, as past pandemics were caused by IAVs carrying gene segments of both human and animal origin. Adaptive evolution is central to cross-species jumps, and this is why understanding the evolutionary processes that shape influenza A virus genomes is key to elucidating the mechanisms underpinning viral emergence. An avian-origin canine influenza virus (CIV) has recently emerged in dogs and is spreading in Asia. We reconstructed the evolutionary history of CIV and show that it originated from both Eurasian and North American avian lineages. We also identified the mutations that might have been responsible for the cross-species jump. Finally, we provide evidence of multiple reassortment events between CIV and other influenza viruses (including an H5N1 avian virus). This is a cause for concern, as there is a large global dog population to which humans are highly exposed. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/4442499/ | 81 | 0022-538X | Journal of Virology | Washington Dc : American Society For Microbiology. | ||
| 8913 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | South Korea | Institution | South Korea | abstract | 116780 | https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03395-14 | Origins and Evolutionary Dynamics of H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus | Henan Zhu|||Joseph Hughes|||Pablo R Murcia | 201505 | pubmed | !! Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are maintained mainly in wild birds, and despite frequent spillover infections of avian IAVs into mammals, only a small number of viruses have become established in mammalian hosts. A new H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) of avian origin emerged in Asia in the mid-2000s and is now circulating in dog populations of China and South Korea, and possibly in Thailand. The emergence of CIV provides new opportunities for zoonotic infections and interspecies transmission. We examined 14,764 complete IAV genomes together with all CIV genomes publicly available since its first isolation until 2013. We show that CIV may have originated as early as 1999 as a result of segment reassortment among Eurasian and North American avian IAV lineages. We also identified amino acid changes that might have played a role in CIV emergence, some of which have not been previously identified in other cross-species jumps. CIV evolves at a lower rate than H3N2 human influenza viruses do, and viral phylogenies exhibit geographical structure compatible with high levels of local transmission. We detected multiple intrasubtypic and heterosubtypic reassortment events, including the acquisition of the NS segment of an H5N1 avian influenza virus that had previously been overlooked. In sum, our results provide insight into the adaptive changes required by avian viruses to establish themselves in mammals and also highlight the potential role of dogs to act as intermediate hosts in which viruses with zoonotic and/or pandemic potential could originate, particularly with an estimated dog population of ∼ 700 million. !!{{ Importance: }} Influenza A viruses circulate in humans and animals. This multihost ecology has important implications, as past pandemics were caused by IAVs carrying gene segments of both human and animal origin. Adaptive evolution is central to cross-species jumps, and this is why understanding the evolutionary processes that shape influenza A virus genomes is key to elucidating the mechanisms underpinning viral emergence. An avian-origin canine influenza virus (CIV) has recently emerged in dogs and is spreading in Asia. We reconstructed the evolutionary history of CIV and show that it originated from both Eurasian and North American avian lineages. We also identified the mutations that might have been responsible for the cross-species jump. Finally, we provide evidence of multiple reassortment events between CIV and other influenza viruses (including an H5N1 avian virus). This is a cause for concern, as there is a large global dog population to which humans are highly exposed. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/4442499/ | 81 | 0022-538X | Journal of Virology | Washington Dc : American Society For Microbiology. | |||
| 8917 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | virus | Virus | virus | abstract | 바이러스 | 116780 | https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03395-14 | Origins and Evolutionary Dynamics of H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus | Henan Zhu|||Joseph Hughes|||Pablo R Murcia | 201505 | pubmed | !! Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are maintained mainly in wild birds, and despite frequent spillover infections of avian IAVs into mammals, only a small number of viruses have become established in mammalian hosts. A new H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) of avian origin emerged in Asia in the mid-2000s and is now circulating in dog populations of China and South Korea, and possibly in Thailand. The emergence of CIV provides new opportunities for zoonotic infections and interspecies transmission. We examined 14,764 complete IAV genomes together with all CIV genomes publicly available since its first isolation until 2013. We show that CIV may have originated as early as 1999 as a result of segment reassortment among Eurasian and North American avian IAV lineages. We also identified amino acid changes that might have played a role in CIV emergence, some of which have not been previously identified in other cross-species jumps. CIV evolves at a lower rate than H3N2 human influenza viruses do, and viral phylogenies exhibit geographical structure compatible with high levels of local transmission. We detected multiple intrasubtypic and heterosubtypic reassortment events, including the acquisition of the NS segment of an H5N1 avian influenza virus that had previously been overlooked. In sum, our results provide insight into the adaptive changes required by avian viruses to establish themselves in mammals and also highlight the potential role of dogs to act as intermediate hosts in which viruses with zoonotic and/or pandemic potential could originate, particularly with an estimated dog population of ∼ 700 million. !!{{ Importance: }} Influenza A viruses circulate in humans and animals. This multihost ecology has important implications, as past pandemics were caused by IAVs carrying gene segments of both human and animal origin. Adaptive evolution is central to cross-species jumps, and this is why understanding the evolutionary processes that shape influenza A virus genomes is key to elucidating the mechanisms underpinning viral emergence. An avian-origin canine influenza virus (CIV) has recently emerged in dogs and is spreading in Asia. We reconstructed the evolutionary history of CIV and show that it originated from both Eurasian and North American avian lineages. We also identified the mutations that might have been responsible for the cross-species jump. Finally, we provide evidence of multiple reassortment events between CIV and other influenza viruses (including an H5N1 avian virus). This is a cause for concern, as there is a large global dog population to which humans are highly exposed. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/4442499/ | 81 | 0022-538X | Journal of Virology | Washington Dc : American Society For Microbiology. | ||
| 6222 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | Sequence | Molecule | sequence | abstract | 서열 | 84525 | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-015-0217-x | An expanded search for simian foamy viruses (SFV) in Brazilian New World primates identifies novel SFV lineages and host age-related infections | Cl?udia P. Muniz|||Hongwei Jia|||Anupama Shankar|||Lian L. Troncoso|||Anderson M. Augusto|||Elisabete Farias|||Alcides Pissinatti|||Luiz P. Fedullo|||Andr? F. Santos|||Marcelo A. Soares|||William M. Switzer | 201511 | Research | PMC | Background While simian foamy viruses have co-evolved with their primate hosts for millennia, most scientific studies have focused on understanding infection in Old World primates with little knowledge available on the epidemiology and natural history of SFV infection in New World primates (NWPs). To better understand the geographic and species distribution and evolutionary history of SFV in NWPs we extend our previous studies in Brazil by screening 15 genera consisting of 29 NWP species (140 monkeys total), including five genera ( Brachyteles, Cacajao, Callimico, Mico , and Pithecia ) not previously analyzed. Monkey blood specimens were tested using a combination of both serology and PCR to more accurately estimate prevalence and investigate transmission patterns. Sequences were phylogenetically analyzed to infer SFV and host evolutionary histories. Results The overall serologic and molecular prevalences were 42.8 and 33.6?%, respectively, with a combined assay prevalence of 55.8?%. Discordant serology and PCR results were observed for 28.5?% of the samples, indicating that both methods are currently necessary for estimating NWP SFV prevalence. SFV prevalence in sexually mature NWPs with a positive result in any of the WB or PCR assays was 51/107 (47.7?%) compared to 20/33 (61?%) for immature animals. Epidemiological analyses revealed an increase in SFV prevalence with age in captive Cebus monkeys. Phylogenetic analysis identified novel SFVs in Cacajao, Leontopithecus, and Chiropotes species that had 6?37?% nucleotide divergence to other NWP SFV. Comparison of host and SFV phylogenies showed an overall cospeciation evolutionary history with rare ancient and contemporaneous host-switching for Saimiri and Leontopithecus and Cebus xanthosternos , respectively. Conclusions We identified novel SFV in four neotropical monkey genera in Brazil and demonstrate that SFV prevalence increases with age in Cebus monkeys. Importantly, our test results suggest that both molecular and serological screening are currently required to accurately determine infection with NWP SFV. Our study significantly expands knowledge of the epidemiology and natural history of NWP SFVs. The tools and information provided in our study will facilitate further investigation of SFV in NWPs and the potential for zoonotic infection with these viruses. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/4650395/ | 3144 | Retrovirology | |||
| 7150 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | Asian | Term | Asian | title | 96798 | Asian bird flu | Rob Curran | 200405 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15156664/ | 4981 | Emerg Med Serv | ||||||
| 7151 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | bird flu | Term | bird flu | title | 96798 | Asian bird flu | Rob Curran | 200405 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15156664/ | 4981 | Emerg Med Serv | ||||||
| 6536 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | outbreak | Term | outbreak | author | 돌발 | 86116 | https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2010.140694 | Three-Toed Sloth as Putative Reservoir of Coxiella burnetii , Cayenne, French Guiana | Bernard Davoust|||Jean-Lou Mari?|||Vincent Pommier de Santi|||Jean-Michel Berenger|||Sophie Edouard|||Didier Raoult | 201410 | PMC | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC/4193280/ | 4 | 1080-6040 | Emerging Infectious Diseases | Atlanta, GA : National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | 3.67000 | ||
| 6817 | 114789 | 조류인플루엔자 | unlikely | Action | unlikely | title | 91362 | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb14568.x | CSIRO shows macropods unlikely hosts for JE | J S Mackenzie|||S A Ritchie | 200103 | pubmed | None | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11301733/ | 1788 | 0005-0423 | Australian veterinary journal | Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell Pub. |
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